A Fundamental Study of Philosophy of Language in Early Navay-nyaya

本项目取得了三个成果：(1)澄清了一个Navya-nyaya特征；(2)澄清了确定单词意义的Navya-nyaya原则；(3)翻译并分析了Gangesa's Tattvacintamani的语言章节中动词后缀部分的开头部分。关于第一项成果：回顾了前人对中庸特征的主要研究，指出了其不足之处，并提出了寻找中庸特征的新视角：从“关系”的角度解读中庸特征的描述与分析。换句话说，Navya-nyaya从关系的角度来描述它的分析，并为这项任务开发了它的术语。这个特征可以追溯到公元11世纪的乌达亚那。这一成果在本页后面参考文献列表中给出的第一篇论文中提出。关于第二项成就：我已经指出，在早期的N…More avya-nyaya中，有七八种确定单词意义的方法，当这些方法不成立时，庚萨提出了将意义与一个普遍的东西联系起来的方法，这是Navya-nyaya作者真正的实体。如果分析者不能把意义与一个普遍性联系起来，那么这个意义就被证明是不恰当的。后来的Navya-nyaya作者使用了avacchedaka（分隔符）的概念来检验这个含义是否与宇宙有关，这意味着Gangesa的方法一直延续到现代。这一成果在后面参考文献列表中的第二篇论文中提出。关于第三个成就：我已经将四分之一的动词缀部分翻译成英文并加了注释，其中介绍了一般Navya-nyaya对有限动词缀意义的看法以及Mimamsa对此的反对意见。翻译的部分在很大程度上显示了Gangesa与Udayana的Nyayakusumanjali中的平行讨论。这一成果在参考文献列表中的第三篇论文中提出。少

This project has three achievements : (1) Clarification of a Navya-nyaya feature, (2) Clarification of the Navya-nyaya principle of determining the meaning of words, and (3) a translation and analysis of the beginning part of the Verbal Suffix Section of the Language Chapter of Gangesa's Tattvacintamani. On the first achievement : Reviewing major preceding research of the Navya-nyaya feature, I have pointed out its shortcomings and have offered a new perspective in finding the feature : interpreting the Navya-nyaya description and analysis from a view point of "relation". In other words, Navya-nyaya describes its analysis in terms of relation and develops its terminology for this task. This feature can be traced back to Udayana in the 11^<th> century. This achievement is presented in the first paper given in the list of references on the back of this page. On the second achievement : I have pointed out that there are seven or eight methods of determining the meaning of words in early N … More avya-nyaya, and that when these methods do not hold good, Gengesa presents for the meaning determination the method of relating the meaning to a universal, which is a real entity for Navya-nyaya authors. If the analyzer fails in relating the meaning to a universal, such a meaning is proved inappropriate. Later Navya-nyaya authors employ the concept of avacchedaka (delimitor) to examine whether the meaning is related to a universal or not, which implies that Gangesa's method survives to the modern times. This achievement is presented in the second paper given in the list of the back references. On the third achievement : I have translated into English with annotation one fourth of the Verbal Suffix Section, which presents the general Navya-nyaya view of on the meaning of finite verbal suffixes and the Mimamsa objection to it. The translated portion shows to a great deal Gangesa's parallel discussion with that in Udayana's Nyayakusumanjali. This achievement is presented in the third paper given in the list of the back references. Less