Internal medicine as science – scientific approaches of clinical medicine, 1945-1965

该项目旨在为20世纪临床医学的历史和哲学做出贡献。我们的目标是对1945年至1965年间东德、西德、奥地利和瑞士战后内科医学的发展进行系统的分析——主要侧重于领先的理论和规划立场，但更多的是基本的认知领域和研究实践（“Wissenschaftlichkeiten/科学”）。我们包括(1)以临床为导向的基础科学研究，(2)诊断和治疗方法的临床评价研究，(3)人类学-心身研究和理论建设，(4)卫生保健，社会卫生学和社会医学领域的人口相关研究。我们的研究设计旨在揭示和重建内科临床科学活动的多样性和差异性，同时考虑到伴随的政治、技术经济和人口流行病学发展。在此过程中，我们提出了如何从科学史和医学史的角度来描述、分析和理解战后几十年的临床内科的建议。此外，该项目的目的是促进对目前加强临床研究和促进在医疗实践和医疗培训中使用科学方法的举措有历史的了解和理论上的正确理解。

The project sets out to contribute to the history and philosophy of clinical medicine in the 20th century. We are aiming for a systematic analysis of the development of postwar internal medicine in East and West Germany, Austria and Switzerland between 1945 and 1965 – with main emphasis on leading theories and programmatic positions, but even more on fundamental epistemic fields and research practices (“Wissenschaftlichkeiten/scientificities”). We include (1) clinically oriented basic science and research, (2) clinical-evaluative research on diagnostic and treatment methods, (3) anthropological-psychosomatic research and theory building, 4) population-related research in the field of health care, social hygiene and social medicine. Our research design aims to uncover and reconstruct the diversity and variance of clinical-scientific activities in internal medicine while taking into account concomitant political, technical-economic, and demographic-epidemiological developments. In doing so, we make a suggestion how clinical-internal medicine in the postwar decades can be described, analyzed, and understood from the perspective of the history of science and medicine. Furthermore, the project aims to contribute to a historically informed and theoretically sound understanding of current initiatives to strengthen clinical research and promote the use of scientific methods in medical practice and medical training.