Some local-level examples of power-sharing arrangement of decentralization in Mexico and Brazil

本报告分析了墨西哥和巴西地方一级权力下放的权力分享安排的经验。两国的社会和政治都表现为国家对公民社会的主导地位，在公民权的建构、权利的行使和民众的自主参与方面都存在着巨大的障碍。然而，墨西哥当前政治的特点是多元、竞争和政治竞争的表现形式，以实现三级政府（联邦、州和市）的权力整合和权力代表。这一新的政治趋势是民主化的长期进程的表现，它在改变社会与政府之间的关系的同时，在各个领域都有所体现。特别是这种转变，即建立政府与社会之间的民主关系，已经在市一级和通过各种形式的公民社会中体现出来。 ...更多信息 在巴西，劳工党对民主权力下放的支持也可以归因于它与自治运动的密切联系。从1980年诞生之日起，工党就是一个社会运动党，由教会、工会、农民协会、人权团体和一系列革命组织的进步分子组成。作为反对独裁政权及其社团主义结构的斗争工具，工党在其存在的第一个十年中不断寻求与众多基层社会运动保持联系，并发展了高度分散的内部结构。波尔图阿莱格雷的参与式预算使该市居民能够直接参与制定城市预算，从而使用以前被转用于资助道路和社区的公共资源。通过这些方式，预算过程阻止了长期存在的客户主义传统，并促进了所谓的“协同关系”或“共同治理”，参与式预算在民间社团生活、政府行动、基本公共产品的再分配以及在传统和新的公共领域行使正式的民主自由和人权之间产生了协同作用。公共物品得到了真实的重新分配，参与逐步扩大和深化，在成果、透明度和稳定的体制安排的基础上改善了治理。从这个意义上说，公民身份变得更加重要。因此，我们可以谈论地方层面民主巩固、创造新的联合激励和空间以及克服零和方法的例子。我在第一章中讨论了地方民主和权力下放的一些问题和观点。其次，第二章探讨了国家与社会关系的可能性，重点是相互赋权、地方主义和公共空间的矛盾性。第三章分析了墨西哥和墨西哥城的政治改革和分权的形式和过程。第四章讨论了权力下放与民间社会参与El Barzon运动之间的相互发展，非政府组织与社会运动的联系以及它们之间的网络联系。第5章和第6章讨论了参与性预算如何以及在多大程度上促进了民间社会的作用，以及自1989年以来覆盖四个工人党市政当局的自治基层动员和协会生活之间的协同作用。这样，我就可以建立一个新的“公共空间”，由地方政府和基层组织共享。少

This report provides an analysis of power -sharing arrangement of decentralization at local-level experiences in Mexico and Brazil. The society and politics of both countries are characterized by the predominance of the state over the civil society and by huge obstacles against the construction of citizenship, the exercise of rights, and popular autonomous participation. Nevertheless, current politics in Mexico are characterized by expressions of plurality, competition, and political competition for integration of powers and representation of authorities in the three levels of government : federal, state, and municipal. This new political trend is an expression of a long process of democratization that has manifested in diverse areas while modifying the relationship between society and government. Especially, this transformation, the building of a democratic relationship between government and society, has been manifesting itself at the municipal level and through various forms of civi … More l society participation that have influenced change at the national and state levels of government.In Brazil, the PT's support for democratic decentralization can also be located in its close association with autonomous movement. From its very birth (1980), the PT was a social movement party, having been formed as an alliance of progressive elements of the Church, unions, peasant associations, human rights groups, and an array of revolutionary organizations. Created as an instrument of struggle against an authoritarian regime and its corporatist structure, during its first decade of existence the PT constantly sought to maintain ties to a multitude of grassroots social movements and developed highly decentralized internal structures. The participatory budget of Porto Alegre enables residents of that city to participate directly in forging the city budget and thus use public resources previously diverted to patronage pay-offs to their roads and electrify their neighborhoods. In these way, the budget process discouraged long-standing traditions of clientelism and promoted what would be called 'synergistic relationship' or 'co-governance'.The participatory budget has produced a synergy between civil associational life, government action, redistribution of basic public goods, and the exercise of formal democratic freedom and human rights both in conventional and new public domains. There has been a real redistribution of public goods, a gradual broadening and deepening of participation, improving governance on the basis of results, transparency and stable institutional arrangements. In this sense, citizenship has become more substantial. So, we could speak of the local-level example of democratic consolidation, the creation of new associational incentives and space, and the overcome of the zero-sum approaches.I address some problems and a viewpoint on the local democracy and decentralization in the chapter 1. Next, chapter 2 examine the possibility of the state-society relationship focusing on mutual empowerment, ambivalence of localism and public space. Chapter 3 analyze the form and process of political reforms and decentralization in Mexico and Mexico City. Chapter 4 discuss mutual development between decentralization and civil society taking up El Barzon movement, NGO linkages to social movements and their networking with each other. Chapter 5 and 6 consider the questions how and to what extent did the participatory budget further the role of civil society, synergy between autonomous grassroots mobilization and associational life covering the four Worker's Party municipal administrations from 1989. Then I could conform a new 'public space' shared by the local state and grassroots organization. Less