Morpho-syntactic typology of place names (TYPTOP)

地名的历史、词源和内部结构是专名学的研究领域。然而，地名在句法中的行为迄今为止在很大程度上被专名学家所忽视。该项目的目的是证明，从语言学角度来说，通过比较来自各种在遗传、地域和结构上不同的语言的跨语言数据，深入研究地名的形态句法是值得的。TYPTOP项目小组成员以前进行的研究表明，在世界不同地区的许多语言中，地名所遵循的规则明显不同于决定普通名词和/或人名在句法中使用的方式的规则。世界地图上可能有数百种语言都有一个共同的结构特征，那就是在涉及地名的构式中，可能会不确定空间关系，如地点、目标和来源，而如果构式涉及人名或普通名词，则必须公开表达相同的类别。例如，在马耳他语中，介词fi 'in'与地名组合时被省略是很常见的，如it-tifla marret pillil-Belt“the girl went to瓦莱塔”（其中“pillet”表示介词的缺失）。相反，如果il-Belt '瓦莱塔'被人名或普通名词取代，介词的使用是强制性的，如在it-tifla marret gbird和Pawlu '女孩去了保罗的'或it-tifla marret f 'il-kalina'女孩去了（在）厨房'。不相关的语言，如阿罗马尼亚语，Tibetan，Matlatzinca等，反映了类似的模式。不同语言之间看似不可预测的共性需要从语言类型学的角度进行更仔细的研究。此外，委员会认为，地名与人名和普通名词的区别不仅在于空间关系的零标记，而且在语法的其他部分也可以找到特殊地名语法的证据，例如相同的功能使用不同的介词（德语ich fahre nach Köln“我去科隆”，而不是ich fahre zu Dieter / zur Kirche“我去Dieter's/教堂”）。到目前为止，还没有STG现象的全面目录。TYPTOP旨在填补这一空白。为此，从代表所有宏观区域和76个语系（包括孤立语）的250种语言的描述性语法中提取相关数据，以建立第一个经验数据库。描述性语法往往默认忽略地名及其属性，因此必须直接咨询语言专家，以补充数据收集工作。样本语言的母语者被邀请对原始数据及其分析发表评论。TYPTOP的研究结果有望对现存的类型学词类区分理论产生影响。

The history, etymology, and internal structure of place names form part of the research domain of onomastics. The behaviour of place names in syntax, however, has hitherto been largely neglected by onomasticians. The project aims at proving that it is worthwhile linguistically to study the morpho-syntax of place names in-depth by way of comparing cross-linguistic data from a wide range of genetically, areally, and structurally diverse languages. Previous studies conducted by members of the TYPTOP project-team reveal that in many languages from different parts of the world, place names obey to rules which differ markedly from those which determine the ways in which common nouns and/or person names can be employed in syntax. A structural trait shared by probably hundreds of languages across the world map is the possibility of leaving spatial relations such as Place, Goal, and Source unspecified in constructions which involve a place name whereas the same categories must be expressed overtly if the construction involves a person name or a common noun. In Maltese, for instance, it is widely common to drop the preposition fi ‘in’ in combinations with a place name as in it-tifla marret Ø il-Belt ‘the girl went to Valletta’ (where Ø marks the absence of the preposition). In contrast, if il-Belt ‘Valletta’ is replaced with a person name or a common noun, the use of prepositions is obligatory as in it-tifla marret għand Pawlu ‘the girl went to Paul’s’ or it-tifla marret f’il-kċina ‘the girl went (in)to the kitchen’. Unrelated languages like Aromanian, Tswana, Matlatzinca, etc. reflect similar patterns. Seemingly unpredictable commonalities between otherwise dissimilar languages call for closer inspection from the perspective of language typology. Moreover, place names differ from person names and common nouns not only in the case of zero-marking of spatial relations but there are further sectors of grammar in which evidence of Special Toponymic Grammar (STG) can be found such as the use of different prepositions for identical functions (German ich fahre nach Köln ‘I go to Cologne’ as opposed to ich fahre zu Dieter / zur Kirche ‘I go to Dieter’s / the church’). As yet, there is no comprehensive catalogue of STG phenomena. TYPTOP is intended to fill this gap. To this end, pertinent data are extracted from the descriptive grammars of 250 languages representing all macro-areas and 76 language families (including isolates) to build a first empirical data-base. More often than not, descriptive grammars tacitly pass over place names and their properties so that it is necessary to consult directly with language experts to complement the data collection. Native speakers of the sample languages are invited to comment upon the raw data as well as their analysis. The results of TYPTOP promise to impact the extant typological theories of word-class distinctions.