Comparative Study on the Ecology and Social Structure of New World Monkeys

对生活在哥伦比亚拉马卡雷纳地区的七种新大陆猴进行了生态学和社会学研究，得到以下结果。1.在社会结构方面，卷尾猴(Cebus Apella)生活在一个多雌群体中，成员转移主要发生在雄性。男性的等级顺序取决于年龄，而女性的等级顺序取决于与男性的亲缘关系。2.吼猴(Alouatta Sencerus)生活在一个雄性群体中，成员转移只发生在雄性。当群体中的阿尔法男性发生变化时，就会发生杀婴。3.长毛猴(Lagothrix Lagotricha)生活在一个多雌和多雌的群体中，成员转移主要发生在雌性，特别是幼崽。交配没有季节性，交配类型单一，持续2-24分钟(平均)。8分钟)4.证实了五种猕猴栖息地利用的差异。也就是说，卷尾猴和松鼠猴(Saimiri Cerureus)占据了从下坡到低地的森林下层，而咆哮猴、绒猴和蜘蛛猴(Ateles Belzebuth)主要使用森林上层和坡地上部到海拔较高的高地。5.在研究区的两条小径上进行了植被地貌和地貌的测量，这两条小径大多是起伏的丘陵地带。划分出五种植被类型，每一种植被类型的存在与每种地貌的特殊干扰密切相关，即曲流河的河道变化、洪水、侵蚀、滑坡和树木倒塌。6.红色咆哮猴有选择地吃特定的土壤。被猕猴取食的土壤pH(H2O)值(4.45.4)和某些矿物质(N、P、Ca、K、Na和Cl)的浓度高于未被取食的林地土壤。

Following results were obtained from the ecological and sociological studies of seven species of New World monkeys living in La Macarena region, Colombia. 1. As for the social structure, capuchins (Cebus apella) live in a multimale and multifemale group and member transfer occurs primarily for males. Rank order among males depends on the age and that of females depends on the affinitive relations towards males. 2. Howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) live in a one-male group and member transfer occurs only for males. Infanticide occurs when alpha-male of the group changes. 3. Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) live in a multimale and multifemale group and member transfer occurs primarily for females, especially young nuliparous ones. Copulation has no seasonality and the mounting is of single type lasting for 2-24 minutes (av. 8 min.) 4. The difference of habitat utilization of five species of cebid monkeys was confirmed. That is, capuchins and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) occupy the lower strata of forest in lower parts of slope to lowlands, whereas howler monkeys, woolly monkeys and spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) use mainly the upper strata of forest and upper parts of slope to rising highlands. 5. Physiognomy of vegetation and landforms were measured along two trails in the study area, most of which consisted of undulating hilly land. Five vegetation types were distinguished, and the existence of each type was closely related to particular disturbances in each of the landforms; i.e., channel changes of meandering river, floods, erosions, landslides and tree-falls. 6. Red howler monkeys eat particular soils selectively. Soils eaten by monkeys had higher pH(H_2O) values (4.45.4) and higher concentration of some minerals, namely, N, P, Ca, K, Na and Cl, than forest floor soils not eaten.