The Behavioral Ecology of Chimpanzees

在坦桑尼亚的马哈勒山脉，研究了习惯性黑猩猩的社会行为。主要发现如下：(1)母亲产后恢复发情时，母子冲突激烈。断奶婴儿会被母亲的断奶行为弄得心烦意乱，当他们的母亲拒绝他们哺乳或运送的请求、替换他们的喂食点、离开他们或与雄性交配时，他们会用哭泣的尖叫声和/或暴力的脾气来抗议。母亲们通过拥抱、梳理和/或允许乱伦交配来安抚婴儿，如果婴儿是男性的话。在婴儿长时间提出要求后，母亲通常允许哺乳或骑在她们的背上。当婴儿乞求食物时，母亲们经常分享食物。断奶的婴儿把自己挤在母亲和配偶之间，从而打断了母亲的交配。婴儿性骚扰发生率随母亲配偶年龄的增加而增加。(2)成年男性在年龄相近的情况下，其打扮倾向于互惠或相互的。年轻的成年雄性倾向于在没有得到回报的情况下为年长的雄性梳理毛发，即使后者的地位较低。(3)研究组中的阿尔法雄性与特定的过去的雄性分享肉类，但不与第二和其他年轻的更高地位的雄性分享肉类。在冲突中，他与那些他经常给肉吃的雄性动物打交道，并给予他们支持。因此，雄性霸王分享肉类可以被视为一种联盟战略。他还经常与母亲以及过去和现在的交配伙伴分享肉类。(4)6次在狮子粪便中发现黑猩猩的骨骼、毛发和牙齿。这是第一次记录到非人类动物对野生黑猩猩的捕食。(5)详细观察了成年雄鼠的群体内杀婴和自相残杀行为。(6)雨季肠道寄生虫数量和药用植物使用量增加。

At the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, social behaviors of habituated chimpanzees were studied. Major discoveries are as follows : (1) Intense mother-offspring conflicts occurred when mothers resumed their postpartum estrus. Weaning infants were upset by mothers' weaning behaviors and protested with whimper-screams and/or violent temper tantrums when their mothers declined their requests of suckling or transport, supplanted their feeding sites, made off leaving them behind, or mated with males. Mothers reassured their infants by embracing, grooming and/or permission of incestuous mating if the infant is male. Mothers usually permitted to suckle or ride on their backs after prolonged requests by infants. Mothers frequently shared food when infants begged for it. Weaning infants interrupted mothers' mating by pushing themselves between mothers and their mates. The rate of sexual harassment by infants was the increasing function of the ages of mating partners of mothers. (2) Grooming among adult males tended to be reciprocal or mutual when they are of similar age. Young adult males tended to groom older males without being reciprocated even when the latters were lower-ranking. (3) The alpha male of the study group shared meat with particular past-prime males, but not with the second-ranking and other young higher-ranking males. He groomed with, and supported in conflicts, those males that he often gave meat. Thus, meat-sharing by the alpha male could be regarded as a coalition strategy. He also frequently shared meat with his mother and past and current mating partners. (4) Bones, hair and teeth of chimpanzees were found in the faeces of lions six times. This was the first record of predation on wild chimpanzees by non-human animals. (5) Within-group infanticide and cannibalism by adult males was observed in detail. (6) The number of intestinal parasites and the use of medicinal plants increased in the rainy season.