Comparative Floristic and Ecological Studies on the Temperate Elements in North America

本研究项目的目的是探讨所谓的北极第三纪元素的进化生态分歧，这些元素在东亚温带和北美东部或西部之间表现出典型的间断分布。本研究的主要内容包括：（1）北极第三纪各成分的地理和生态分布;（2）各草本成分的生活史和人口学特征;（3）核型特征（休眠核类型、染色体数目和核型）;（4）分子特征（cpDNA的RFLP图谱、rbeL基因的结构等）。并从进化生态学的角度对生活史和分子生物学数据进行了评价。结果表明：（1）延龄草属（Trillium），（2）金雀花属（Disporum（Prosartes）），（3）金雀花属（Clintonia），（4）鹿药属（Smilacina），（5）黄精属（Polygonatum），（6）乌桕属（U ...更多信息 vularia，（7）Helonias，（8）Chamaelirium，（9）Erythronium，（10）Medeola，（11）Scolipus，（12）Allium，（13）Lilium，（14）Zygadenus，（15）Pritillaria，（16）Calochortus，（17）Tofieldia，（18）Streptopus，（19）Lysichtum，（20）Arisaema，（21）Brachyelytrum，（22）Amarylidaceae ;双子叶植物：（1）人参属，（2）细辛属，（3）石菖蒲属，（4）茎叶木属，（5）紫菀属，（6）角叶木属，（7）地菜属，（8）荷包牡丹属，（9）水叶木属，(10)Mitchella，（11）Hepatica，（12）Podophyllum，（13）Cimicifuga，（14）Coptis，（15）Oxhlis，（16）totaenia，（17）Claytonia，（18）Mitella，（19）Boykinia，（20）Phryma，（21）Trauttvetteria，（22）Viola，（23）Impatiens，（24）Tovara，（25）Polygonum，（26）Rumex，（27）Chromanthus，（28）阿喀琉斯，（29）紫菀，（30）卡卡利亚，（31）赫奇里亚，（32）普雷纳特斯。北极第三纪成分的总属种数为54属135种。2.植物标本馆收集的标本达到约。1，500张，尤其是大多数冷温性和暖温性蕨类植物，达到34属119种，这将是北美蕨类植物的第一次广泛收集。3.对北美盘菊属Prosartes亚属5个种的染色体数目和核型进行了测定。目前正在研究收集的所有其他百合科材料。4.对30种北美延龄草的生活史和人口统计学特征进行了严格调查。两个Scolipus物种和Medeola virginiana也进行了研究（延龄草科）。5.通过RFLP分析和rbcL基因序列测定，研究了百合科植物的CpDNA特征。lat.和天南星科，并在此基础上分析了它们的系统发育关系。研究的群体是：延龄草属、Medeola属、Scolipus属、Disporum（Prosartes）属、Mailluum属、Clintonia属、Streptopus属、Smilacina属、悬雍垂属、Helonias属、Heloniopsis属、Narthecium属、Metanarthecium属、Chamaelirium属、Chionographis属、几个Araceas属。6.生活史特征研究表明，山刺桐（Erythronium oregonum）、山刺桐（E. elegans、E. howellii、大花悬雍垂Uvularia grandiflora、大花悬雍垂U. sessifolia、无柄草U. perfoliata和穿叶U.目前正在调查中。三叶天南星、尾天南星和三叶天南星的生殖生物学和生活史特征。加拿大蕨类植物的叶发育模式、叶的异速生长和地理变异等研究成果已发表或提交给有关的科学期刊。例如，在一个实施例中，根据本项目收集的材料，对Strupthioptteris，Blechnum，Polystichum，Dryopteris等也进行了严格的检查，结果正在准备中。少

The present research project has an objective to investigate the evolutionary-ecological divergence of the so-called Arcto-Tertiary elements which exhibit typical disjunct distributions between the temperate zones of eastern Asia and eastern or western North America. In this three years project, the main emphasis has been placed to investigate on the following points :(1) geographical and ecological distributions of various Arcto-Tertiary elements ; (2) life history and demographic characteristics of various herbaceous elements ; (3) karyological characteristics (types of resting nuclei, chromosome numbers and karyotypes) ; (4) molecular characteristics (RFLP patterns of cpDNA ; structures of rbeL gene, etc.), and evaluations of life history and molecular data in terms of evolutionary-ecological implications.Results : 1. Living materials collected during three years were as follows : Monocots : (1) Trillium, (2) Disporum (Prosartes), (3) Clintonia, (4) Smilacina, (5) Polygonatum, (6) U … More vularia, (7) Helonias(8) Chamaelirium, (9) Erythronium, (10) Medeola, (11) Scoliopus, (12) Allium, (13) Lilium, (14) Zygadenus, (15) Pritillaria, (16) Calochortus, (17) Tofieldia, (18) Streptopus, (19) Lysichtum, (20) Arisaema, (21) Brachyelytrum, (22) Amarylidaceae ; Dicots : (1) Panax, (2) Asaruin, (3) Achlys, (4) Caulophyllum, (5) Vancouveria, (6) Kdenocaulon, (7) Epigaea, (8) Dicentra, (9) Hydrophyllum., (10) Mitchella, (11) Hepatica, (12) Podophyllum, (13) Cimicifuga, (14) Coptis, (15) Oxhlis, (16) totaenia, (17) Claytonia, (18) Mitella, (19) Boykinia, (20) Phryma, (21) Trauttvetteria, (22) Viola, (23) Impatiens, (24) Tovara, (25) Polygonum, (26) Rumex, (27) Chrolanthus, (28) Achilles, (29) Aster, (30) Cacalia, (31)Heuchrea, (32) Prenathes. The total numbers of genera and species attained 54 genera and 135 species of the Arcto-Tertiary elements. 2. Herbarium specimens collected attained ca. 1, 500 sheets which are at present under investigation ; especially most of the cool-temperate and warmtemperate ferns, attaining 34 genera and 119 species, were collected, which would be the first extensive collections of North American ferns. 3. Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of all five North American Disporum subgenus Prosartes were determined. All other liliaceous materials collected are being studied at present. 4. Life history and demographic characteristics of 30 North American Trillium were critically investigated. Two Scoliopus species and Medeola virginiana were/are also studied (both Trilliaceae). 5. CpDNA characteristics, as revealed by RFLP analysis and sequencing of rbcL gene have been examined on various Arcto-Tertiary elements, with a main emphasis on the Liliaceae s. lat. and Araceae, and based on these new evidence their phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. The groups studied wre : Trillium, Medeola, Scoliopus, Disporum (Prosartes), Maianthemum, Clintonia, Streptopus, Smilacina, Uvularia, Helonias, Heloniopsis, Narthecium, Metanarthecium, Chamaelirium, Chionographis, several Araceas genera. 6. Life history characteristics of Erythronium oregonum, E. elegans, E. howellii, Uvularia grandiflora, U. sessifolia, U. perfoliata, and U. pudica were/are now under investigation. Reproductive biology and life history features of Arisaemea triphyllum, caudatum, and A. canadense are being critically studied.Papers compiling all the results obtained and further critically analyzed on the above mentioned groups are now in preparation or have already been published or submitted to relevant scientific journals, respectively, as shown in a list of publications.Patterns of leaf development, leaf allometry, and geographical variations of several fern species, e. g., Strupthioptteris, Blechnum, Polystichum, Dryopteris, etc. were also critically examined based on the materials collected in the present projects as to the results are now in preparation. Less