The Ethnological Study of Modernization in the Central Andes : Formation of Peruvian National Culture and Andean Hearitage

在秘鲁，中部/地区与城市/乡村之间社会文化活力的特点之一是，前者向后者的“现代化”推进非常迅速，同时后者对前者的“安第斯化”影响也在各个方面向前推进，换言之，安第斯农民的价值取向和行为模式通过高原农村社会与区域城市社会的不断互动，广泛渗透到秘鲁全国，民族文化是在“现代化”和“安第斯化”的相互影响和干扰下形成和改变的。“基于这个假设的前提，我们在秘鲁的三个地区进行了调查：南部高地（库斯科），中部高地（库斯科），（阿亚库乔）和北方海岸（特鲁希略和皮乌拉）。我们的研究项目如下：1）通过小学和中学教育对秘鲁民族历史形成共识（收集和分析近50年来出版的秘鲁历史教科书）。2）北海岸地区城市的历史重建（殖民初期的特鲁希略城市历史）3）地方出版物和知识分子在区域认同建构中的作用（收集和分析了阿亚库乔地区自世纪末以来的地方期刊和书籍）。4）作为反现代的印加本土主义（对库斯科市流行的“游学”的研究）5）民间天主教（库斯科市一个地方邪教团体el“Nico Compadrito”的历史;库斯科市场女商人庆祝圣母阿孙塔节的社会经济功能;北方海岸的拉普埃尔塔圣母朝圣之旅）。6）克丘亚语和西班牙语的互动过程（阿亚库乔地区农村和城市社会讲西班牙语的分析）。

In Peru, one of the characteristics of socio-cultural dynamism between Central/Regional and Urban/Rural is that the "Modernization" from the former to the latter goes forward very rapidly and at the same time the "andeanization" as the influence from the latter to the former also goes forward in various aspects.In other words, through the constant interaction between highland rural society and regional urban society the andean peasants' value orientation and behavior pattern have infiltrated extensively throughout all peruvian country.Thus it's national culture has been made and changed through the mutual influence and interference of "modernization" and "andeanization."Based on this assumed premise we carried our investigation in three regions of Peru : southern highland (Cuzco), central highland (Ayacucho) and northern coast (Trujillo and Piura).Our research items are as follows :1) Common understanding of peruvian national history through the primary and secondary school education (collection and analysis of school textbooks on peruvian history published last 5 decades).2) Historical reconstruction of a regional city in north coast (history of Trujillo city at the beginning of colonial period).3) The role of local publications and intelectuals in the building of regional identity (collection and analysis of local journals and books in Ayacucho region from the end of 19th century).4) Inca-nativism as anti-modern (research on "mistic tour" popularized nowadays in Cuzco city).5) The folk catholicism (history of a local cult group el "Nico Compadrito" in Cuzco city ; socio-economic functions of the feast of Virgin Asunta celebrated by female marchants of Cuzco market ; the pilgrimage of the Virgin of La Puerta in northern coast).6) Interaction process of Quechua and Spanish (analysis of Spanish spoken in rural and urban societies of Ayacucho region).