A MICRO-MACRO STUSY OF TRUST

本研究项目最重要的成果是构建了一个理论框架，既可以在个体微观层面分析信任相关行为和判断，又可以在更宏观的社会层面综合分析信任所起的作用。更具体地说，首先，我们进行的一系列实验揭示了广义人际信任与对信息的敏感性之间的反直觉关系，这可能表明他人缺乏可信赖性。也就是说，在这一系列的实验中，通过一般信任量表测量的高信任者（那些对他人的普遍“默认”期望较高的人）对暗示他人缺乏可信度的信息更为敏感，而且，在囚徒困境游戏（匿名玩家之间进行的游戏）中，比低信任者更准确地预测他人的行为。另一系列实验，包括美国和日本的实验，更多的跨社会实验，揭示了人们倾向于在维持这种承诺关系的机会成本较低的社会环境中，与一组特定的伙伴形成稳定的承诺关系。这意味着与维持承诺关系的机会成本较高的环境相比，在这种社会环境中，发现社会关系本质的需求增强，而发现他人性格特征的需求降低。我们进行的这些和其他实验的发现都指向了两种相互独立的社会智力形式的可能性——一种是用来探测人际关系的本质，另一种是用来探测控制他人行为的独立于社会环境的性格特征。此外，根据社会环境的性质，特别是一般机会成本水平的不同，这两种形式的社会智力在理论上具有不同的重要程度。在一般机会成本水平较高的社会环境下，人们自然会将认知资源投入到第二种社会智力的发展中，即能够发现他人缺乏可信度；因此，他们有能力对他人的可信度有很高的“默认”期望。目前，东方和西方的其他国家正在执行或计划重复我们进行的实验。其他国家研究人员的重复实验结果将促进我们对信任的社会嵌入性质的理解。少

The most important achievement of this research project is the formulation of a theoretical framework for analyzing both trust-related behavior and judgments at the individual-micro level and the roles trust plays at a more macro, societal level in a integrated manner. More specifically, first of all, a series of experiments we conducted revealed a counter-intuitive relationship between generalized interpersonal trust and sensitivity to information potentially revealing lack of trustworthiness in others. That is, in this series of experiments, high trusters (those who have a high level of "default" expectations for trustworthiness of others in general) as measured through a general trust scale were shown to be more sensitive to information suggesting lack of trustworthiness of other people and, furthermore, more accurate in predicting other people's behavior in a prisoner's dilemma game (playd between anonymous playrs) than low trusters. Another series of experiments, including US-Japa … More n, cross-societal experiments, revealed the tendency that people form stable commitment relations with a particular set of partners in social environments that impose a low level of opportunity costs for maintaining such commitment relations, implying the enhanced needs for detecting the nature of social relationships and depressed needs for detecting character traits of others in such social environments compared to the environments that impose a higher level of opportunity costs for maintaining commitment relations. Those and other findings of experiments we conducted all point to the possibility of two, mutually indepent forms of social intelligence-one for detecting the nature of interpersonal relations and the other for detecting character traits of other individuals that govern their behavior independent of social environment. Furthermore, these two forms of social intelligence are theorized to have differential levels of importance according to the nature of social environments, especially the general level of opportunity costs, Under social environments n which the general level of opportunity costs is high, people would naturally invest cognitive resources in the development of the second type of social intelligence, become able to detect lack of trustworthiness in others, and thus become able to afford to have a high level of "default" expectations for other people's trustworthiness. Currently, replications of the experiments we conducted are being executed or planned in other countries, both East and West. Results from those replication experiments by researchers in other countries will advance our understanding of the socially embedded nature of trust. Less