CONSTRUCTION OF A MICRO-MACRO THEORY OF TRUST

通过一系列的实验和计算机模拟，为微观-宏观信任理论提供实证基础。首先，我们进行的一系列实验揭示了广义人际信任与对可能显示他人缺乏可信度的信号的敏感性之间的反直觉关系。也就是说，通过一般信任量表测量的高信任者比低信任者对暗示他人缺乏可信度的信息更敏感，而且在囚徒困境游戏中预测他人行为的准确性更高。另一系列实验，包括美国和日本的跨社会实验，揭示了一种趋势，即人们在维持这种承诺关系的机会成本较低的社会环境中，与一组特定的伙伴形成稳定的承诺关系。与维持承诺关系的机会成本更高的环境相比，在这样的社会环境中，人们有更多的关系，并且对发现他人性格特征的需求也更低。我们所做的这些和其他实验的发现都指向两种相互独立的社会智力形式的存在——一种是用来探测人际关系的本质，另一种是用来探测控制他人行为的独立于社会环境的性格特征。此外，根据社会环境的性质，特别是机会成本的一般水平，这两种形式的社会智力在理论上具有不同的重要性水平。在一般机会成本水平较高的社会环境下，人们自然会将认知资源投入到第二种社会智力的发展中，能够察觉到他人缺乏可信度，从而对他人的可信度产生较高的“默认”期望。少

Several series of experiments and computer simulations were conduted as a means to provide empirical foundations for the micro-macro theory of trust. First, a series of experiments we conducted revealed a counter-intuitive relationship between generalized interpersonal trust and sensitivity to signals potentially revealing lack of trustworthiness in others. That is, high trusters as measured through a general trust scale were shown to be more sensitive than low trusters to information suggesting lack of trustworthiness of other people and, furthermore, were more accurate in predicting other people's behavior in a prisoner's dilemma game. Another series of experiments, including US-Japan, cross-societal experiments, revealed a tendency that people form stable commitment relations with a particular set of partners in social environments that impose a low level of opportunity costs for maintaining such commitment relations, implying the enhanced needs for detecting the nature of social re … More lationships and depressed needs for detecting character traits of others in such social environments compared to the environments that impose a higher level of opportunity costs for maintaining commitment relations. Those and other findings of experiments we conducted all point to the existence of two, mutually independent forms of social intelligence-one for detecting the nature of interpersonal relations and the other for detecting character traits of other individuals that govern their behavior independent of social environment. Furthermore, these two forms of social intelligence are theorized to have differential levels of importance according to nature of social environments, especially the general level of opportunity costs. Under social environments n which the general level of opportunity costs is high, people would naturally invest cognitive resources in the development of the second type of social intelligence, become able to detect lack of trustworthiness in others, and thus come to afford to have a high level of "default" expectations for other people's trustworthiness. Less