Historical-Anthropolgical Stdy of the Hunting Activities of the Ainu -Especially though comparative study of traps and spring bows-

本文通过对江户时代晚期北海道洋一地区小动物狩猎活动的调查，通过对历史文献的分析，对1828年至1857年间该地区爱奴狩猎动物的数量进行了统计。我指出，这一地区的阿伊努人捕猎狐狸、水獭和貂等小动物，比熊更多。阿伊努人把这些毛皮送给了银代办公室，这是因为松江氏家族的命令。在库页岛的一个贸易站，松江用这些毛皮与北方人交易玻璃珠子和某种满洲长袍。另一方面，秦朝和帝国对小动物毛皮的需求很大，如貂、狐狸和水獭。阿穆尔河下游地区和库页岛的鱼种被猎杀，以供养这两个帝国统治下的国家。这一地区对FU的长期需求影响了阿伊努人，他们的狩猎活动发生了变化。当时阿伊努人的狩猎活动并不是阿伊努人主动计划的，而是取决于秦朝和俄国帝国的需要。我还比较了各族之间的狩猎工具，指出了他们几种工具的共同形态特征。之所以相似，我注意到，从15世纪中叶的明朝到秦朝或俄国帝国，对以紫貂为代表的小动物毛皮的需求逐渐增加，这使得人们接受几种狩猎工具。在狩猎工具中，弹弓和使用弓进行自动狩猎的陷阱至少在阿伊努人、尼维人和纳奈人中广泛分布。为此，我坚持认为，不仅仅是这些工具的简单传播，还有国家的强烈影响。

This study is intended as an investigation of the Ainu hunting activities of small animals in the late Edo period at Yoichi district in southwestern Hokkaido.The numerical amont of the animals which the Ainu hunted in the period from 1828 to 1857 in that district by analyzing historical documents. I pointed out the Ainu in this district hunted small game such as foxes, otters, and marterns, being more than bears. The Ainu offered these furs to Unjyo-ya office due to the order of Matsumae clan. And Matsumae used those furs to trade with northern peoples for glass beads and some kind of Manchurian robes at a trading post in Sakhalin.The other hand, Chin dynasty and lmperial Russia strongly demanded small animal's furs sch as martens, foxes, and otters. The proples in lower Amur river region and in Sakhalin were hunted those animals to offer both of those imperial country under complsion.The chronic demand of fus in this district influenced the Ainu and their hunting activities were chaged. The hunting activities of the Ainu at this time were not planed by the Ainu on their own initiative, but depended on the demand of Chin dynasty and Imperial Russia.I also compared hunting implements among the peoples, I pointed out common morphological features among several implements of them. The reason for the similarity I noticed that a gradual increase of the demand of furs of small animals represented such as sables by the Ming dynasty in middle 15 the century to the Chin dynasty or Imperial Russia had the p roples accept several types of hunting tools.Among hnting implements, spring-bows and traps using bow using bow for automatic hunting were distributed widely among at least the Ainu, Nivhi and Nanai peoples. For the reaon I insisted not only simple diffusion of these tools but also a strong influence by the nations.