Fraternity as forging unity of local societies in Anglo-Norman England

作为一种代祷机构，宗教兄弟会的重要性是不可能夸大的，它对10世纪、11世纪和12世纪的欧洲社会产生了影响。这种兄弟情谊是一个修道院和另一个修道院、僧侣、牧师、行会人员或俗人之间的契约（公约），通过僧侣的祈祷来拯救一个人的灵魂。奇怪的是，在英国，对它的研究一直被忽视。在这项研究中，我关注的是诺曼征服后俗人与僧侣之间的博爱，我把讨论限制在拉姆齐修道院博爱与土地授予之间的关系上，这样我们就可以在这里看到当地社会的一个方面。在进入兄弟会的仪式中，土地被授予平信徒。我们应该考虑到所谓的封建关系（通过土地授予的方丈与人之间的个人关系）与通过建立博爱而建立的精神联系之间的密切关系。拉姆齐修道院兄弟会的成员涵盖了广泛的社会阶层，有贵族家庭、小贵族家庭、牧师家庭、当地贵族、英国当地家庭成员，甚至还有在伦敦有土地利益的人。这个兄弟会还包括一些当地的牧师，甚至还有一个教区。根据不同的人的捐赠、地位和权力，僧侣们给予的友爱的内容是不同的。无论如何，世俗的纽带和精神的纽带，或者换句话说，生者的纽带和死者的纽带，在博爱契约中结合在一起。这段“婚姻”似乎促进了拉姆齐修道院领主的团结。我们也可以说，虽然主与人之间的关系是垂直的，但在祈祷或埋葬场所分享的感觉也给当地社区内兄弟情谊的成员带来了一种团结感。

It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of the religious fraternity as an institution of intercession, which had an influence on European societies in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries. This fraternity is a covenant (conventio) made between a monastery and another individual monastery, monk, priest, gild or lay person, for the salvation of one's soul through the prayer of the monks. In England its study, has been strangely neglected. In this research I am concerned with the fraternity of laymen with the monks after the Norman Conquest, and I have limited the discussion to the relationship between fraternity and land-grants at Ramsey Abbey, so that we may see here one aspect of local society.In the course of the ceremonial entrance into fraternity, land was granted to laymen. We should take into consideration a close relationship between the so-called feudal ties (the personal ties between abbot and man through the land-grant) and spiritual ties through the establishment of fraternity.The members of Ramsey Abbey's fraternity covered a wide range of social classes from noble families, minor noble families, shrieval families, local worthies, members of local English families, and even someone with a landed interest in London. The fraternity also included some local priests and even a parish.The content of the fraternity given by the monks differed between people according to their donation, status and power. In all cases, however, worldly ties and spiritual ties, or in other words, ties for the living and ties for the dead, got married in the fraternity covenant. This 'marriage' seems to have contributed to the solidarity of the lordship of Ramsey Abbey. We may also say that although the bond was vertical as between lord and man, the sense of sharing in prayers or burial places also gave a sense of unity to the members of the fraternity within their local community.