For Renascence of the Rule of Law

法治理念是宪政的重要组成部分，宪政又蕴含着三权分立的理念，法治与宪政的模式应该根植于英美法的传统，尤其是苏格兰的法律思维方式。但这一观点在日本法学界并没有得到很好的理解。要认真对待宪政，需要回顾启蒙思想的历史发展。启蒙始于霍布斯的立场。然后，洛基人紧随其后，产生了卢梭式的民主党人。相比之下，另一个流派幸存了下来，那就是苏格兰的权利。苏格兰的主要哲学家，如D·休谟、A·史密斯，总是对民主持怀疑态度。他们信奉自由主义、法治、宪政。民主党人倾向于实证主义，他们认为人造法律应该是法律，而自由主义者认为人造法律应该服从某种规则，即M.E.，法治。法治意味着相对于人造法律，正规法律的至高无上或支配地位，并排除了个人任意性的存在，甚至排除了政府拥有广泛自由裁量权的先入为主的OE。三权分立显然要求法律将每个官员限制在正常的行动范围内。那么，什么是正常的法律？我将规律性与形式要求相一致，这意味着对法律主体的普遍和非个人待遇。

The idea of the "rule of law" is a essential constituent of the constitutionalism.Constitutionalism, in turn, contains the idea of the separation of powers.The models of the rule of law and the constitutionalism should be seardhed in the tradition of the Anglo-American law, especially in the scottish legal way of thinking. But this point of view is not well understood in Japan's legal scholars.To take constitutionalism seriously, we need to look back the historical development of the thoughts of Enlightment.Enlightment started with the Hobbesean position. Then the Lockeans followed and the Lockeans produced the Rousseau-like-democrats. In contrast, another stream has been survived, that is the Scottish enrightment. The leading Scottish philosophers, like D. Hume, A. Smith, were always skeptical about democracy. They committed to the idea of liberalism, rule of law, constitutionalism.While democrats tend to be positivists, who believe man-made-law ought to be law, liberalists believe that man-made-law should be subject to a certain rule, m.e., the rule of law.The rule of law means the supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the man-made-law, and excludes the existence of personal arbitrariness, or pre-rogative oe even of wide discretionary authority on the part of the government. A separation of powers clearly requires that the law consttain each official to regular domain of action.Then, what is the regular law? I identify the regularity with the formal requirements, which means universal and non-personal treatment of the legal subjects.