Personal control and collective control orientations : People's preference and its relationship with psychological and social adaptation

控制被定义为“带来期望的结果”。控制的目标是环境或自我。西方先前的研究声称，在包括日本在内的东亚，个人试图改变自我而不是环境（次要控制），而在西方，个人试图改变环境（主要控制）。本研究人员反对这种陈规定型的观点，并在综合文献审查的基础上表明：(a)即使在东亚，人们也试图进行主要控制；(b)与北美相比，东亚的集体控制比个人控制更可取；(c)东亚的控制战略倾向于优先维持人际和谐，而不是一个人的自主意识；(d)集体控制倾向有助于心理健康。在后续的实验室实验中，研究人员证明，与独处时相比，与朋友在一起时，个人受到负面反馈的影响程度要小一些。这一结果表明，人们倾向于认为，当他们和朋友在一起时，比他们独自一人时更有效。控制取向的个体差异与其他可能相关的心理过程之间的关系尚未揭示。在这个问题上需要进行更多的研究。

Control is defined as "bringing out desired outcome". The target of control is the environment or the self. It has been claimed in previous research in the West that individuals attempt to change the self rather than the environment (secondary control) in East Asia including Japan, whereas individuals attempt to change the environment (primary control) in the West. The present investigator argued against such stereotypical view and showed based upon comprehensive literature review that : (a) People attempt primary control even in East Asia; (b) Collective control is preferred to personal control in East Asia relative to North America ; (c) Control strategies in East Asian tend to give priority to the maintenance of interpersonal harmony rather than one's sense of autonomy ; (d) collective control orientation can contribute to psychological well-being. In a follow-up laboratory experiment, it was demonstrated that individuals are affected by negative feedback on their performance to a lesser extent when they are with their friend, as compared with when they are alone. This result indicates that individuals tend to perceive that they are more efficacious when they are with their friend, as compared with when they are on their own. The relationship between individual differences in control orientation and other possibly related psychological processes were not revealed. More research needs to be conducted on this issue.