Reconstruction of universal model in language usage - from perspectives of Japanese and Chinese -

语言学理论的原则（例如，礼貌理论（Politeness Theory）被许多学者认为是普遍适用的，也就是说，它们被当作普遍适用于语言使用的研究。这些理论主要是通过对西方语言的考察得出的，因此在应用于非西方语言时存在一定的局限性。文化价值观对语言使用的影响在世界不同的语言和文化中有很大的不同。在我们的研究中，我们首先考察了礼貌理论中的“面子”概念，并将其应用于日语和汉语。因此，英语中的“面子”是指个人的需要，而汉语和日语中的“面子”则是指对所属社会的服从。其次，从《礼记》和《圣经》中的语言规范出发，考察了宏观层面上的表现规律。《礼记》中对禁止性语言的使用有具体的指导，并遵循“阴阳”等礼貌原则。另一方面，很少有具体的语言规范已被发现在圣经中。因此，圣经中关于语言使用的词汇被挑选出来，并分为上帝的话语和人类的话语。第三，通过对道歉情况的问卷调查，对日本、中国和美国社会的实际语言使用情况进行了调查。我们在各个领域的研究都发现了有趣的差异，进一步证明了西方和非西方社会的文化和习惯思想的多样性。

The principles of linguistic theories (ex. Politeness theory) have been accepted by many scholars as being universal, that is to say, they have been treated as if they were universally applied to the study of language usage. These theories have been drawn primarily through the examination of western languages and hence possess some limitation when applied to non-western languages. The influence of cultural values in language usage differs greatly between the world's languages and cultures.In our study, first we have examined the concept of "face" in the politeness theory and applied it to Japanese and Chinese Language. As a result, English 'face' is characterized by individual wants while Chinese and Japanese 'face', the compliance with the community one belongs to. Next, linguistic norm in "Rites" and the Bible have been observed to investigate the performance rule in the macro level. In "Rites", concrete guide to prohibitive language usage has been observed and it functions with the principle of politeness such as "yin and yang". On the other hand, few concrete linguistic norms have been found in the Bible. Therefore words in the Bible about language usage are selected and classified into words of God and those of human. Third, we inquired actual language usage within the societies of Japan, China and the USA, by sending out questionnaires about the situation of apology.Our research in all areas has revealed interesting differences that further exemplify the diversity of cultural and habitual thoughts of both western and non-western societies.