Study on Informed Consent in Child Nursing and Comparison between Japan and United States.

大多数儿童接受的医疗保健是由父母决定的。为儿童提供的信息事先得到父母的理解，然后由医务人员根据儿童的年龄、发育阶段、治疗和护理情况选择和提供。然而，从未报告过儿童本身需要信息，或对医务人员提供的信息进行调查。因此，本研究以医学文献回顾、儿童定位调查及慢性病患者访谈等方式，探讨儿童护理领域知情同意之现况，并取得以下结果.从医学文献综述分析传染性结肠炎的趋势（1）1990年以后我国有关传染性结肠炎的护理文献迅速增加。(2)在护理文书的内容方面，有大量的关于护士在癌症病人知情同意中的作用、通知和知情同意的文书， ...更多信息 并且看到了大量使用通知和IC来同意的文件。(3)在有关儿童护理的文献中，有关护理过程和护理行为的文献极少.（1）由各专科医生对患儿进行住院、治疗、手术等方面的自我指导。(2)大多数人回答说，指导的目的是为了获得合作的态度，以便安全、方便地住院、治疗和手术，并做好心理准备。至于儿童的年龄和定向的最佳时间，根据定向的目的，显示出几种趋势。(3)大部分的指导都是口头的，大部分的材料，如小册子，是为成年人和父母写的，而很少有视听材料，如录像机或图画书。对慢性病患者执行IC（1）在疾病出现时，未对儿童进行疾病名称、病情和治疗的IC。(2)解释了自我护理方法。在年轻的时候，不管疾病的出现年龄。(3)IC的医学专家所要求的内容是关于选择与个人需求相匹配的方法，因此，已经发现，IC在儿童护理领域的儿童是普遍的。然而，满足其发展阶段或理解能力的材料或提供指导的方式从未得到充分发展，因此需要在提供信息的阶段进行改进。少

Most of the medical care children are to receive is determined by their parents. Information to be provided for children themselves is understood by their parents beforehand, and is then chosen and given by medical employees in consideration of children's age, development stage, treatment and care. However, needs for information for children themselves, or survey on information provided by medical employees, have never been reported. We, therefore, studied the realities of informed consent (henceforth IC) in the child nursing area by the medicine document review, the investigation of the orientation for children and the interview to the chronic disease patient, and the following results were obtained.1. Analysis of IC trend by medicine document review(1) The nursing document concerning IC increased rapidly to our country after 1990. (2) As for the content of the nursing document, there were a lot of documents concerning nurse's role in IC to the cancer patient and notification and IC, … More and a lot of documents which used notification and IC to agree were seen. (3) In the document concerning the child nursing, the document concerning the nursing process and the nursing act was extremely small number of authors.2. Execution of the orientation for children(1)The orientation for children themselves on hospitalization, treatment and operation is given widely by various specialists. (2) A lot answered that the purposes of the orientation are to gain cooperative attitude for safe and easy hospitalization, treatment and operation and to gain mental preparation. As for the age of the children and the best time for the orientation, several tendencies are shown depending on the purpose of the orientation. (3) Most orientations are given verbally, Most materials such as pamphlets are written for adults and parents, while few audiovisual materials such as VCRs Or picture books are prepared or used.3. Execution of IC to chronic disease patient(1) At appearance of disease IC to the child was not done for the name of a disease, the condition, and treatment. (2) The self care method was explained. when it was young regardless of the appearance of disease age. (3) The content demanded of the medical specialists at IC was concerning the selection of the method to match to individual needsConsequently, it has been revealed that the IC for children in the field of child nursing is widespread. However, materials or the way of giving orientation meeting their development stage or the ability of their understanding have never sufficiently developed and, therefore, improvement at the stage of giving information is required. Less