Implementation of Land Use Control for Hazard Mitigation in Japan and its Policy Process

为了验证土地用途管制减灾政策过程模型，本研究包括三个主要任务：（1）坂神淡路大地震后修订《地区防灾大纲》时实施减灾用地控制的评价;（2）日本减灾用地规划先进实践的案例研究;以及3）对加州地震危险性绘图计划和成果的回顾。1999年，我们在日本进行了一次关于减轻灾害的土地利用规划的全国问卷调查。人口包括694个城市（所有SHI和tokubetu-Kus）的城市规划和防灾部门的人员。大部分城市在地震灾害信息披露方面不积极，城市规划与防灾部门之间的联系薄弱或不紧密. 2001年，我们采访了松本、横须贺和西宫的工作人员。在关键人物的有力领导下，这些城市分别尝试了基于向公众开放的详细危险图的城市复兴、基于建筑物后退以避免断层线的场地规划和基于原始条例的规划许可的广泛指导的先进实践。2002年2月，我们访问了加州地质调查局、联邦应急管理局、城市和县（旧金山弗朗西斯科、圣何塞和圣克拉拉）、ABAG等，与政府工作人员进行了面谈，并获得了地震灾害绘图计划的信息。加州案例在地质专业的设置、系统的事后政策评估的运用等方面具有显著的特色。有效的措施是：（1）分区和绘图系统，以确定高风险地区;（2）要求在批准大多数类型的开发之前进行具体地点的调查;（3）国家地质调查局的外联活动。

To verify the policy process model of land use control for hazard mitigation, the study involved three principal tasks; 1) an assessment of the implementation of land use control for hazard mitigation in the revision of Regional Disaster Prevention Programs after the Hanshin-Awaji great earthquake, 2) case studies of advanced practice in land use planning for hazard mitigation in Japan, and 3) a review of California's Seismic Hazard Mapping program and outcomes.1. In 1999, we have carried out a nationwide questionnaire survey on land use planning for hazard mitigation in Japan. The population contains personnel of urban planning and disaster prevention sections of 694 urban municipalities (all SHIs and tokubetu-Kus). Most cities are inactive to disclose seismic hazards information and they have weak or poor intra-administrative connections between urban planning and disaster prevention sections.2. In 2001, we interviewed with personnel of Matsumoto, Yokosuka, and Nishinomiya. Under the strong leadership of key persons, these cities are trying to do advancing practices of urban rehabilitation based on detailed hazard map open to the public, of site plan with building setback to avoid fault line, and of extensive guidance for planning permission by means of original ordinance, respectively.3. In February 2002, we visited the California Geological Survey, FEMA, cities and counties (San Francisco, San Jose, and Santa Clara), ABAG, and so on to interview with government staff and to get information of Seismic Hazard Mapping Program. California case has remarkable features in establishment of geological professions, and utilization of systemic ex-post policy evaluation. The effective measures are 1) zoning and mapping system to identify high-risk areas, 2) requiring site-specific investigations prior to permits for most types of development, and 3) outreach activities of State's Geological Survey.