The analysis of Industrial Location, Employment and Productivity of Manufacturing using Geographical Information System tools

以往关于产业集聚的研究发现：(I)同一行业的集中可以通过技术溢出和/或汇集特定的供应商或特定的熟练工人来获得生产率的提高，以及(Ii)不同行业的集中可以通过产业联系的互补来获得范围的优势。然而，这些研究有一个共同的严重不足之处，即它们只观察产业集聚作为工业机构的集中，而很少关注企业，即技术和信息在其中传播比在企业间机构之间传播得更快的机构。在这项研究中，我们关注的是，一个偏远地区的企业是否能够享受到位于另一个地区产业集聚的同一公司所获得的技术溢出。我们以医药行业为例，它是由研究和开发驱动的，其研发活动可以获得同行业其他公司活动集聚的优点。我们发现，当一家制药制造企业在该行业的研发圣地筑波设有研究实验室时，以其工资水平衡量的生产率显著更高。

Previous studies on Industrial Agglomeration find (i) concentration of the same industry could gain productivity rise through technological spillover and/or pooling specific suppliers or specific skilled workers, and (ii) concentration of different industries could gain the merit of scope through complementarily on industrial linkages. These studies, however, have in common a serious shortage that they only observe the industrial agglomeration as the concentration of industrial establishments and pay little attention on the firm, the organization of establishments within which skills and information diffuse much faster than among inter firm establishments. In this study, we focus on whether a remote establishment could enjoy technological spillover that is acquired by an establishment of the same company located on industrial agglomeration of another area. We pick up the pharmaceutical industry as an example that is driven by the research and development and whose R&D activity could receive the merit of agglomeration of the activities of other firms of the same industry. We find that the productivity of a pharmaceutical manufacturing establishment measured by its wage level is significantly higher when its company has a research laboratory in Tsukuba city, the R&D Mecca of this industry.