Neural representation of attention in associative areas in the chick telencephalon

早熟鸟类的雏鸟在孵化后立即具有高度发达的认知行为。利用这一性质，我们完成了一系列关于记忆形成和行为执行问题的实验，特别是关于鸟类的“注意力和意识”。使用行为和脑损伤方法的综合研究，以及脑片的电生理学研究和自由行为雏鸡的单个神经元记录，结果如下。结果表明，注意在雏鸡脑内的许多区域高度分布。(1)&lt；基底神经节：基于记忆的预期的神经联系及其功能作用&gt；_-在1-2周龄的家鸡中，食物强化的颜色辨别与等待时间有关。双侧基底节(内侧纹状体)后部PAR的局限性化学损害导致…的冲动选择更多的选择测试，基于相关奖励的预期数量的选择保持不变。基于预期奖励在时间上的接近程度的行为执行受到了特别的损害。只要在内侧纹状体代表未来的收益，雏鸡就可以耐心地抑制对即刻但小的收益的冲动选择，从而使长期收益最大化。(2)杏仁核-眶前叶皮质系统的类似物：联想的参考记忆和声源的工作记忆的神经编码；_-雏鸡始纹体的单个神经元记录揭示了两大类神经元的编码：(1)颜色-奖赏联想的参考记忆和(2)声音提示位置的工作记忆。(3)&lt；海马体：参与空间记忆和GT的形成；_-损毁双侧海马区选择性地损害空间记忆的获得，而颜色辨别能力保持不变。(4)&lt；小脑：孕酮和GT的非基因组作用；_-雏鸡小脑浦肯野神经元的全细胞记录结果表明，外源性黄体酮的应用增强了颗粒细胞的兴奋性传递。较少

Chicks of precocial birds have highly developed cognitive behaviors immediately after hatching. Taking advantage of this nature, we have accomplished a series of experiments upon the issue of memory formation and behavioral execution, particular on the "attention and consciousness" in birds. Comprehensive studies using behavioral and brain lesion methods, as well as electrophysiological studies in brain slices and single neuron recording in freely behaving chicks, resulted in the following findings. It is suggested that the attention is represented in a highly distributed manner in many areas in the chick brain.(1) <Basal ganglia : neural correlates of memory-based anticipation and their functional roles>___-A behavioral task was developed in which food-reinforcement color discrimination was associated with the waiting time in 1-2 weeks old domestic chicks. A localized chemical lesions to posterior par of bilateral basal ganglia (medial striatum) caused an impulsive choice in the concu … More rrent choice test, with the choice based on the anticipated quantity of associated reward remained intact. Behavioral execution based on the temporal proximity of the anticipated reward was specifically impaired. So long as the future gain is represented in the medial striatum, chicks could patiently suppress the impulsive option toward immediate but small gain, thus making the long-term benefits to be maximized.(2) <Analogues of amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex system : neural coding of reference memory of associations and working memory of sound sources>___-Single neuron recording from archistriatum of chicks reveals two major populations of neurons that coded (1) reference memory for color-reward associations and (2) working memory for the location of sound cues.(3) <Hippocampus : involvement in the formation of spatial memory>___-Localized lesions to the bilateral hippocampus selectively impaired the acquisition of spatial memory, while the color discrimination remained intact.(4) <Cerebellum : Non-genomic action of progesterone>___-Results of whole cell recording from Purkinje neurons in the chick cerebellum suggested that application of exogenous progesterone enhances the excitatory relay by the granule cells. Less