Contrastive sociolinguistic study on language behavior and communicative competence in Japanese and German

本研究的主要目的是阐明德语和日语的语言行为与交际能力之间的关系。本研究的目的是从对比社会语言学的角度来考察德语交际能力的构成。首先，为了达到这一目的，讨论了交际能力的概念定义。这一结果发表在《语言与社会科学国际手册--社会语言学》上。其次，将礼貌视为交际能力之一，并明确了本研究的研究对象：语言行为的现实性、社会规范、日常生活中的常识性评价概念、语言使用规则、语言规范、交际美德观、语言使用的历史发展以及语言与意识形态的关系。此外，通过本研究的实证调查发现，不仅“礼貌”(“hoflichkeit”)在当代德国社会中发挥着重要作用，其他概念也起着重要作用：作为积极评价概念的“Ehrlich”、“Freundlich”、“宽容”、“self fsbereit”等；作为消极概念的“傲慢”、“unehrlich”、“不宽容”、“egoistisch”、“rucksichtslos”等。研究证实，尽管欧洲的研究探讨了礼貌与意识形态之间的关系，但在日本，这方面的研究还不够充分。作为宏观社会语言学的研究对象，本文还探讨了德语在日本社会中的地位以及德语交际能力与语言政策的关系。

The primary concern of this study is to clarify correlations between language behavior and the communicative competence in German and Japanese. The purpose of this study is to consider from the viewpoint of the contrastive sociolinguistics of what German communicative competences consist. First of all, to pursue this purpose, the conceptual definition of communicative competence was discussed. This result was published in "Sociolinguistics, An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society". Next, politeness was regarded as one of the communicative competence, and the objects of this study were clarified : realities of the language behavior, social norms, evaluating concepts as commonsense in everyday life, rules of language use, language norms, concepts of communicative virtues, a historical development of language use and a relation between language and ideology. In addition, it has been found that not only "politeness" ("Hoflichkeit"), but also other concepts play an important role in contemporary German society based on empirical investigation in this research : as positive evaluating concepts, these are "ehrlich", "freundlich", "tolerant", "hilfsbereit" etc ; as negative concepts, "arrogant", "unehrlich", intolerant", "egoistisch", "rucksichtslos" etc. Moreover, the development of the study on politeness in Europe and in Japan was theoretically compared and contrasted. It was confirmed that, while the researches in Europe dealt with relationship between politeness and ideology, this aspect was not sufficiently researched in Japan. As macro-sociolinguistic researches, I also discussed the status of German language in Japanese society and the relation between communicative competence and language policies.