Cultural and Developmental Perspectives on Social Change and Family, Self and Gender

该项目的目的是考察“社会变革、家庭变革、个人发展”的模式，特别关注中年群体的福祉。本项目进行了两项研究，分别是家庭随退休的变化和家庭关系的作用，以及家庭资源的流动和夫妻之间的平等意识。研究1；为了了解退休后的家庭动态变化，我们对退休5年内的丈夫及其妻子进行了访谈研究。深度构建的访谈被设计出来，发现丈夫在家里做更多的家务，他们试图保持他们的关系在一起，面对他们生命的终点。研究2；根据访谈研究的结果，我们对退休男性及其妻子（男102人，女76人）进行问卷调查，以评估他们的生活满意度、主观健康评分、家庭角色、心理健康、婚姻沟通等方面与40岁时的比较。越来越多的夫妻的沟通方式从年轻时到现在并没有太大的变化，尤其是占主导地位的丈夫沟通方式。(2)在大多数夫妻中，妻子控制着持家钱，但也有一些夫妻从妻子的角色转变为丈夫的角色，那些放弃控制持家钱的妻子表现出更多的负面情绪。另外，在40多岁时感到不重视婚姻沟通的妻子们，在丈夫退休后，一直在家里控制着金钱。与男性相比，女性表现出更严重的心理伤害。研究3；对于已完成育儿角色的中年母亲，我们发现受教育程度与工作状况之间存在有趣的关系。有全职工作和受教育程度较高的女性表现出更多的自我效能感或个人社会导向，而没有全职工作和受教育程度较低的女性表现出更多的家庭导向。总之，我们在两项研究中的发现表明，“社会变化、家庭变化和个人发展”模型可能有助于思考文化差异之间和文化差异内部的心理过程。少

The purpose of this project is to examine the model of "social change, family change, individual development", especially focused on well-being among middle age group. Two studies conducted in this project, namely, family change with retirement and role of family relationship, and mobility of family resources and sense of equality among couples. Study 1 ; To identify family-dynamic changes after retirement, we conducted interview study with husband who retired within 5 years and his wife. Deep constructed interviews are designed and found that husbands do more house-holding works at home and they try to keep their relationship together to face to their ends of life. Study 2 ; With the result of the interview study, we asked retired male and their wives (m : 102, f : 76) to answer questionnaire to assess their life-satisfaction, subjective health rating, role of family, psychological well-being, marital communication comparing now and their 40's. As a results, 1) communication style amo … More ng couples has not changed much between their younger days and now, especially dominant pattern of husband communication style. 2) In most of couples, wife control of the house-holding money but there are some couples which changed the role from wife to husband and those wife who gave up to control house-hold money showed more negative emotions. Moreover, wives those who have felt neglect of matrimonial communication in their 40's have been kept holding their money control at home after their husband's retirement. Female shows more serious psychological damages from losses as compared with male. Study 3 ; For the middle age mother who has finished child-raring role, we found interesting relationship between educational attainment and job situation. Those female who has full-time job and higher education shows more self-efficacy or individual-social oriented while those female who doesn't have full-time job and lower education shows family-oriented. All together, our findings in two studies suggested that the model of "social change, family change, and individual development" might be useful to think about psychological process between and within cultural differences for well-being. Less