A Comparative Study of the Correlation between Social Capitals and Academic Achievements in Public Schools in the United States and Japan

本研究以美国和日本的学校为研究对象，对社会资本与学业成就的关系进行了为期三年的研究，主要研究结果如下：（1）六所学校访谈和三篇研究论文：我访问了六所特许学校，主要是在加州和马萨诸塞州。我本可以采访校长、校长和老师。然后我发表了三篇研究论文，其中包括三所特许学校的案例研究。这三所学校分别是位于旧金山弗朗西斯科的终身学习学院、位于洛杉矶的卡米诺努埃沃特许学院和位于旧金山的弗朗西斯W。马萨诸塞州德文斯的帕克小学。(2)理论发现：理查德F。哈佛大学教授埃尔默通过对公立学校的案例研究，提出了“内部问责”的概念。笔者在建构主义理论的基础上对他的概念进行了重构，提出了学校多元利益相关者界定责任的新权利。其次，安东尼·S。前芝加哥教授Bryk等人对社会资本中的信任进行了实证分析。他们将信任分为三种类型，即有机信任、契约信任和关系信任。在个案研究中，我也发现有成效且学术成就高的特许学校，其校内的关系信任程度相当高。最后，我想提出两种进一步的研究。一是对我国（日本）有效学校的个案研究，二是对社会资本与学校学业成就的相关性进行定量分析。

This three-years-research project has aimed to analyze the correlation between social capital and academic achievement within the schools in the United States and Japan.The research results as follows ;(1) Six school interviews and three research papers : I have visited six charter schools mainly in California and Massachusetts. I could have interviewed with school presidents, principals and teachers. Then I published three research papers, which included the case studies of three charter schools. Those are Life Learning Academy in San Francisco, Camino Nuevo Charter Academy in Los Angeles, and Francis W. Parker Essential School in Devens, Massachusetts.(2) Theoretical findings : Richard F. Elmore, Professor of Harvard University, proposed the concept of'internal accountability'through their case studies of public schools. I reconstructed his concept on the basis of the constructivism theory, and I proposed a new right of defining accountability by the school multi-stakeholders. Secondly, Anthony S. Bryk, former Professor of University of Chicago, and his research associates have empirically analyzed the trust which is a crucial element of social capitals. They categorized it into three types, that is, organic trust, contractual trust and relational trust. I also found in my case studies that effective charter schools with high academic achievements would be considerably full of relational trust within schools.Finally, I would like to mention two kinds of further researches. One is case studies of our(Japanese) effective schools, another is quantitative analysis of the correlation between social capital and school academic achievement.