On the system of civil action in the Modern Japan

在这个项目中，我试图探讨我们如何描述1890年民事诉讼法的特征。对《民法》中允许当事人不请律师就可以提起诉讼的条款进行研究，可以发现以下事实。(1)这些规定应在社会背景下加以考虑，因为社区的法律服务需求大多不是由律师而是由非律师来满足的。(2)这种社会背景使得立法者更重视法官在法律程序上的主动，而不是政党的主动。

In this project, I try to investigate how we can describe the characteristic of the code of civil procedure of 1890. The research of the provisions of this code that permit parties to take legal action without getting lawyers showed following facts. (1) These provisions should be considered in the social context that it was mostly not by layers but by non-lawyers that the needs of legal services in communities were filled. (2) This social context made the legislators take more seriously judge's inisiatives in legal procedure than party's.