Medieval human life activity based on human and animal skeletal remains.

Hirata和其他人(2004)讨论了日本镰仓四个中世纪考古遗址中利器造成的骨骼损伤。有趣的是，Zaimokuza遗址中世纪日本骨骼中的剑伤与其他三个遗址的剑伤是有区别的。一份中世纪Yuigahama-Minami骨骼样本的简化生命表分析得出，男女出生时的预期寿命均为24.0岁，男性15岁时的预期寿命为15.8岁，女性为18.0岁。镰仓中世纪系列的小牙尺寸可能与非血统因素有关，并不与它们在牙齿测量模式上与弥生、库芬、埃德和现代系列的相似性相矛盾。本文利用19个非测量颅骨性状研究了公元5世纪和12世纪北海道和萨哈林群岛鄂霍次克文化相关的人类骨骼系列的人口亲缘关系和生物变异。雷雷斯福德和布兰杰罗(1990年)提出的…方法更多的EST表明，东部鄂霍次克州的Rii值(距质心的距离)比北部鄂霍次克州大，观测到的变化较小，表明东部鄂霍次克州失去了表型变异。柔门系和阿伊努系与鄂霍次克族的关系比其他东北亚系更近，为了研究鄂霍次克族的系统发育状况，从他们的考古遗址出土的人类骨骼遗骸中仔细提取了DNA。线粒体DNA序列的系统发育关系表明，在东北亚种群中，鄂霍次克族与Nivkhi和Ulchi人的亲缘关系较近。此外，鄂霍次克人与北海道的阿伊努人有较近的遗传亲缘关系。调查了琉球人，包括历史悠久的久美岛人及其邻近民族的非对称性头骨变异。正如最近的基因研究所表明的那样，这一结果可能不仅证明了北方的影响，也证明了南方在史前和历史时期对琉球群岛的影响。研究了早期现代人的脊柱和四肢骨骼退行性疾病以及牙科疾病，包括在久美岛发现的人类骨骼遗骸。严重的腰椎退行性疾病多见于女性。女性右肘4级骨关节炎的发生率高于男性。成年女性患龋率最高。同位素分析表明，不仅是女性的生理事件，如怀孕和更年期，而且食物偏好的差异可能导致了这种性别差异。年轻的成年女性往往更容易受到LEH的影响，这表明她们在童年早期经历了更大的生理压力。较少

Hirata and others (2004) discussed skeletal injuries caused by sharp weapons among four medieval archaeological sites, in Kamakura, Japan. It is interesting that the injuries by swords in the medieval Japanese skeletons of Zaimokuza site were distinguishable from those of other three sites. A medieval Yuigahama-minami skeletal samples abridged life-table analysis yielded a life expectancy at birth of 24.0 years for both sexes, a life expectancy at age 15 years of 15.8 years for males, and 18.0 years for females. The small tooth size of the Kamakura medieval series may be related to non-lineage factors, and would not contradict their similarity in odontometric pattern with the Yayoi, Kofun, Ed, and modern series.Population affinities and biological variation in human skeletal series associated with the Okhotsk culture from Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands during the 5th and 12th century AD are investigated using 19 nonmetric cranial traits. The method of Relethford and Blangero (1990) sugg … More ests that the eastern Okhotsk had a larger Rii value (distance from the centroid) and a lower observed variation than the northern Okhotsk, indicating that the eastern Okhotsk lost phenotypic variability. The Jomon and Ainu were closer to the Okhotsk than to other Northeast Asian series prior to any admixture.In order to investigate the phylogenetic status of the Okhotsk people, DNA was carefully extracted from human bone remains excavated from their archaeological sites. The phylogenetic relationships inferred from mtDNA sequences showed that the Okhotsk people were closer to the Nivkhi and Ulchi people among northeastern Asian populations. Moreover, the Okhotsk people had a relatively closer genetic affinity with the Ainu people of Hokkaido.Nonmetric cranial variation of the Ryukyuans, including the historic Kumejima population, and their neighboring peoples was investigated. The result may prove not only northern, but also southern influences to the Ryukyu Islands during the prehistoric and historic times, as suggested by recent genetic studies. Degenerative diseases of the spine and limb bones, and dental disease were investigated in the early modern people, consisting of human skeletal remains found in Kumejima. Severe degenerative diseases of the lumbar vertebra were more frequently seen in females. Frequency of right elbow osteoarthritis of scale 4 in female is higher than in male. The highest rate of dental caries occurred in the adult females. Not only female physiological events, such as pregnancy and menopause, but also differences in food preference may have led to this sex difference, as suggested by isotopic analysis. Younger adult females tended to be more affected by LEH, indicating that they experienced greater physiological stress during early childhood. Less