Inquiring into Assessment Methods and Lessonsthat Promote "Application"

在日本2008年修订的国家学习课程中，学术成就被认为包含三个要素：“掌握、应用和探究”。本研究通过查阅国外有关教育评估和课程（教学方法）的文献，以及对日本先进教育实践的探究，考察了促进“应用”（即学生运用知识和技能的能力）的评估方法和课程。我们走访了长期实行绩效考核的学校，观察课程，采访教师。我们还查阅了有关评估方法和课程的具体例子的研究和学校文件，并分析了评估改革的现状和趋势。在研究结果的基础上，我们提出了强调“应用”的改进方法，并在几所合作学校得到了实践。我们分析了这些实验经验，重点讨论了如何改进评估标准和方法的质量。最后的报告总结了结果。

In Japan’s revised 2008 National Course of Study, academic achievement was conceived as having three elements: “mastery, application, and inquiry.” This study examined the assessment methods and lessons that promote “application” (i.e., students’ ability to apply their knowledge and skills) by surveying the literature on educational assessment and lessons (teaching methods) in foreign countries, and by inquiring into advanced educational practices in Japan. We visited schools that have used performance assessment for a long time to observe lessons and interview teachers. We also examined studies and schools’ documents that gave concrete examples of assessment methods and lessons, and analyzed the current situation and trends with regard to assessment reforms. On the basis of our results, we proposed a way to improve lessons by emphasizing “application,” and our proposals were put into practice in a few collaborative schools. We analyzed these experimental lessons, focusing on how the quality of assessment criteria and methods improved. The final report summarized the results.