Patterns and Individuality in the Development of Grammatical Categories in Germanic Languages

正是基于动词方面的差异，日耳曼语言中完成体的发展才有差异。也就是说，由于英语动词倾向于有一个完成体，“be”+过去分词也表示被动语态，与之平行的是，“have”+过去分词可以用作间接被动语态。因此，“have”+过去分词并不容易发展成为一种完成式。在德语中，动词往往有一个未完成体，“韦尔登”+过去分词发展为通常的被动语态，而“sein”+过去分词保持状态被动语态。因此，“haben”+过去分词不是作为间接被动语态发展的，而是作为完成体发展的。

It is based on the difference in the verbal aspect that development of the perfect form has a difference in Germanic languages. That is, since the English verbs tend to have a perfective aspect, 'be' + past participle also expresses a actional passive, in parallel with it 'have' + past participle can function as a indirect passive. As a result, 'have' + past participle did not develop easily as a perfect form. In the German in which the verbs tend to have a imperfective aspect, 'werden' + past participle developed as the usual passive, and 'sein' + past participle remained the statal passive. Therefore, 'haben' + past participle did not develop as the indirect passive, but as the perfect form.