Civic-Matsuri(Festival) Systems and Organizations of Port Towns in Shimokita Peninsula

本研究试图从都市民俗学的角度，厘清日本民俗学研究中新兴起的都市民俗学流派-下北半岛几个港口城镇的民间祭祀制度及其组织、民间信仰之间的关系。田湾、川内、若之泽、大幡、大麻、西等都有着共同的历史渊源，都是早期从日本海沿岸地区移民来的，他们从事航运运输，直到19世纪末才繁荣起来。几个Matsuri开始于17 c，并介绍了许多材料的Matsuri连同其他文化元素从他们的家乡。我们可以将妈祖视为这种文化遗产和市民民俗生活的典范，通过对各个妈祖的比较来了解他们的民族精神。阐明了以下几点新观点.聚落类型有三种：城镇--对周边地区起中心作用，分支村--与城镇社会经济联系紧密，村庄--保持传统自治。2.祭是由参加祭的分支村落组成的，祭的目的是为了表演名为“神乐”的净化舞蹈，因此祭不仅是一个城镇的庆典，也是一个城镇周边地区的庆典。尽管有着复杂的发展体系，下北的祭却被迫将传统元素融入这种组织形式中。为了进一步了解所调查的祭具，本研究使用数台家用摄影机进行比较研究，并制作了一部80分钟的关于大幡祭具的民族志影片。

This research attempts to clarify some critical points about the interrelationship between civic-Matsuri systems and its organizations,folk beliefs in several port towns of Shimokita Peninsula from standpoint of urban folklore,recently developped genre in Japanese folklore study. These towns such as Tanabu, Kawauchi,Wakinosawa,Oh'hata,Oh'ma,and Sai have common historical origin that they were earlier settled by many immigrants from coastal areas of the Sea of Japan,who engaged in shipping transportations flourished until the end of 19c. Several Matsuris began in 17c and were introduced many materials for Matsuri alongside with other cultural elements from their home places. We could consider Matsuri as the good example of such cultural heritages and townsmen's folk life,so we could understand their ethos by comparing each Matsuri.In this research,we investigated their similarities and differences among several Matsuris. Some following new ideas are clarified.1. Tree types of settlement:Town-functioning as a center for surrounding area,Branch village -socio-economically related with town,Village-maintaining traditinal autonomy. 2. Matsuri incorporates some branch villages that participate in order to play purification dance named "KAGURA".Therefore,Matsuri is not only celebration for town, but for town's surrounded area.3. Matsuri in Shimokita is forced to incorporate traditional elements in that organizational form,in spite of that sophisticated developmental system. A few home-type videocamera were used for comparative study to further our understanding about Matsuri investigated.And we produced ethnographic Video in 80minutes on Oh'hata's Matsuri.