Childhood, Adolescence, and Covid-Related Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Adjustment in Early Adulthood Across Cultures

摘要 与青少年或中年人相比，年轻人因各种疾病而死亡和患病的风险更高。 其中大多数是可以预防的，如精神健康问题、药物使用、性传播疾病、 感染、凶杀和机动车事故。虽然成年早期是一个重要的时期， 了解，很少有研究集中在跨文化异质性的潜在风险和保护因素 在成年早期。拟议的研究建立在正在进行的跨文化育儿纵向研究的基础上。 这项研究始于2008年，招募了1，417名8岁儿童及其父母的样本 来自9个国家（中国、哥伦比亚、意大利、约旦、肯尼亚、菲律宾、瑞典、泰国和美国）。 从那以后，我们每年都通过采访孩子、母亲和父亲来评估家庭， 亲子关系，孩子的适应，态度和信仰，文化价值观，90%的保留， 原始样本。在下一个项目期间，最初的儿童参与者将是22至26岁， 提供了一个前所未有的机会，了解儿童和青少年的经验， 曾经进行的各种长期纵向研究都以成年早期的适应为高潮。我们将 每年与年轻人及其父母进行访谈，评估家庭和文化对他们的影响。 决策，风险，能力和机会，在这一发展时期的特点是主要的 健康风险和教育、工作、居住状况、亲密伙伴关系和父母身份的转变。 本研究的目的有三：（1）建立青少年适应与适应不良的发展模型 在个人、家庭和文化层面上使用调解人和主持人，包括潜在的风险和保护 因素(2)我们将研究不同文化中父母与年轻人关系的预测因素，这些文化具有规范性差异 家庭关系的变化是如何在成年早期经历和协商的。(3)我们将研究 新冠病毒感染对教育、工作和其他重要领域的影响， 加强结构性改革自2014年开始以来，我们每3个月收集一次与COVID相关的经历数据。 大流行病，使我们能够很好地审查这些经验与调整后， 大流行病在迄今为止最多样化、前瞻性研究的多国样本中实现这些目标 将对公众健康产生重大影响， 成年早期，一个以精神健康导致的高发病率和死亡率为特征的发展时期 问题，物质使用和其他基本上可以预防的原因，以及积极适应的机会。 这项工作将为规划和政策提供信息，以通过确定新的 美国的预防和干预目标，同时也促进可持续发展 联合国为指导2030年国际发展议程而通过的目标。

Abstract Compared to adolescents or adults in mid-life, young adults are at higher risk of death and disease from a variety of causes, most of which are preventable, such as mental health problems, substance use, sexually transmitted infections, homicides, and motor vehicle accidents. Although early adulthood is an important period to understand, little research has focused on cross-cultural heterogeneity in potential risk and protective factors during early adulthood. The proposed research builds on the ongoing Parenting Across Cultures longitudinal study that began in 2008 with recruitment of a sample of 1,417 8-year-old children and their mothers and fathers from 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). We have since assessed families annually through interviews with children, mothers, and fathers about the parent-child relationship, the child’s adjustment, attitudes and beliefs, and cultural values, with 90% retention of the original sample. During the next project period, the original child participants will be 22 to 26 years old, providing an unprecedented opportunity to understand how childhood and adolescent experiences in the most diverse long-term longitudinal study ever conducted culminate in adjustment during early adulthood. We will conduct interviews annually with young adults and their parents to assess family and cultural influences on decisions, risks, competencies, and opportunities during this developmental period that is characterized by major health risks and transitions in education, work, residential status, intimate partnerships, and parenthood. We address three aims: (1) We will build a developmental model of young adult adjustment and maladjustment using mediators and moderators at the individual, family, and culture levels, including potential risk and protective factors. (2) We will examine predictors of parent-young adult relationships across cultures that normatively differ in how changes in family relationships are experienced and negotiated in early adulthood. (3) We will examine the impact of COVID-related disruptions in education, work, and other important domains on subsequent adjustment. We have collected data on COVID-related experiences every 3 months since the start of the pandemic, situating us well to be able to examine these experiences in relation to adjustment in the aftermath of the pandemic. Addressing these aims in the most diverse, prospectively studied, multi-national sample to date will have major public health implications in informing scientific understanding of predictors of adjustment during early adulthood, a developmental period characterized by high morbidity and mortality due to mental health problems, substance use, and other largely preventable causes, as well as opportunities for positive adaptation. This work will inform programming and policy to improve population health and well-being by identifying novel targets for prevention and intervention in the United States, while also advancing the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations to guide the international development agenda through 2030.