Influence of ultra-processed foods on reward processing and energy intake

项目总结 大多数肥胖者在35岁之前就会变得肥胖。在美国人口中，青少年拥有最高的超 加工食品消费(占总能量的68%)和最低的饮食质量。鉴于超加工食品 占青少年和年轻人消耗的能量的三分之二，需要研究来 了解食物加工对饮食行为的影响，特别是在青春期后期和早期 成年人生阶段。在这段时间里，个人在食物选择上的独立性越来越强，这代表着 执行功能的关键发育期，即影响终生身心健康的过程。 来自临床前研究的证据表明，啮齿类动物维持着由超 加工过的成分有更多的能量摄入，体重增加，以及调节大脑回路的变化 能量摄入量和执行功能都比标准饮食下的人要高。然而，超大规模的影响 加工食品在大脑回路中的基础奖赏处理，食物摄入调节，食物选择，以及 人类的执行功能尚不清楚。需要有节制的饮食干预来填补这一空白。整体而言 这项研究的目的是为大脑测量的改变的报酬加工建立概念验证 对超加工奶昔的反应，自助餐中临时能量摄入量的增加，以及不良反应 与摄入高能量超加工食品(81%总能量)对执行功能的影响相比 在18-25岁的人群中强调未加工/最低加工食品的饮食。为了实现我们的目标，32 18-25岁(青春期晚期/成年期早期)(BMI&lt；30)的个人将接受两次为期14天的控制 按随机分配的顺序添加条件。饮食将与个人的卡路里需求相匹配，并 与包括大量营养素、纤维和能量密度在内的潜在混杂因素匹配。评估 奖励处理的变化，大脑对超加工奶昔的反应将通过功能评估 在每个喂食期前后进行磁共振成像(4次测量)。测量结果 在每个喂食期之后，立即包括自由的能量摄入和早餐的食物选择 自助餐(包括超加工和低加工食品)，在没有饥饿的情况下进食 餐后，和执行功能。尽管超加工食品的消费可能有助于 能量摄入的失调，机制尚不确定，现有的饮食指南没有解决超 由于缺乏人体实验研究，加工食品摄入不足。拟议中的研究可以解决这一问题 关键发育阶段--青春期末期至青春期早期的个人饮食指南 成人期。

PROJECT SUMMARY Most individuals with obesity become so before age 35. In the US population, adolescents have the highest ultra- processed food consumption (68% of total energy) and the lowest diet quality. Given that ultra-processed foods represent two-thirds of the energy consumed by adolescents and young adults, research is needed to understand the influence of food processing on eating behaviors, particularly in the late adolescence and early adulthood life stage. During this time, individuals have increasing independence in food choice and it represents a key developmental period for executive function, processes that affect life-long mental and physical health. Evidence from pre-clinical studies demonstrates rodents maintained on a “cafeteria diet” comprised of ultra- processed ingredients have greater energy intake, weight gain, and alterations in brain circuitry that regulates both energy intake and executive function than those exposed to a standard diet. However, the impact of ultra- processed foods on the brain circuits underlying reward processing, food intake regulation, food choice, and executive function in humans is unknown. Controlled diet interventions are needed to fill this void. The overall objective of this research is to establish proof-of-concept for altered reward processing measured by brain response to an ultra-processed milkshake, an increase in ad libitum energy intake in a buffet meal, and adverse effects on executive function in response to a diet high in ultra-processed foods (81% total energy) compared to a diet emphasizing un/minimally-processed foods in individuals aged 18-25 years. To address our objective, 32 individuals aged 18-25 years (late adolescence/early adulthood) (BMI<30) will undergo two 14-day controlled feeding conditions in a randomly assigned order. Diets will match the caloric needs of the individual and be matched for potential confounding factors including macronutrients, fiber, and energy density. To assess changes in reward processing, brain response to an ultra-processed milkshake will be assessed via functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after each feeding period (4 measurements). Measurements immediately following each feeding period will include ad libitum energy intake and food selection at a breakfast buffet meal (containing both ultra-processed and minimally processed foods), eating in the absence of hunger post-meal, and executive function. Although consumption of ultra-processed foods may contribute to dysregulation of energy intake, mechanisms are uncertain and existing dietary guidelines do not address ultra- processed food intake due to a lack of human experimental research. The proposed research could address this gap and inform dietary guidelines for individuals at a critical developmental life stage – late adolescence to early adulthood.