INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING AND TOLERANCE TO STIMULANTS

这一提议提出了一个假设，即行为耐受性 刺激性药物是通过工具性学习介导的。 以前的研究 已经表明安非他明最初会抑制 甜牛奶主要是通过诱导刻板的头部运动， 干扰进食（Wolgin等人，1987年）。 我们建议宽容 要达到这种效果，需要学会将这种运动引导到一个更 适应性刻板反应，即舔饮水管。 这项研究的目的之一是确定是否容忍 当舔被排除时会发生。 植入口腔套管的大鼠 如果长期注射安非他命， 直接放进他们的嘴里，让他们的头保持静止， 连舔一根空的饮水管的机会都没有 第二个目标是 以确定是否个体差异引起的运动活动， 安非他明的急性注射与速率和/或 耐受性水平，随后发展为 流毒 第三个目的是评估理论的普遍性， 确定是否耐受阿扑吗啡的下吞作用， 可卡因和哌醋甲酯也涉及学习引导 刻板的动作变成舔。 这将通过 比较这些药物对牛奶摄入量的影响， 管饲和瓶饲大鼠的运动模式。 最终的目标是 建议是确定是否耐受性发展到低吞噬 苯丙胺的作用时，定型运动不有助于 食欲减退，即，在“自由进食”插管喂养的大鼠中。 对行为上的宽容的相对迅速的发展 兴奋剂药物的破坏性作用可能有助于其广泛传播， 虐待 在某种程度上，行为容忍涉及工具性 学习，拟议的研究将提供一个理由， 了解人们如何适应 滥用兴奋剂。

This proposal addresses the hypothesis that behavioral tolerance to stimulant drugs is mediated by instrumental learning. Previous research has shown that amphetamine initially suppresses the ingestion of sweetened milk primarily by inducing stereotyped head movements, which interfere with feeding (Wolgin et al., 1987). We propose that tolerance to this effect involves learning to channel such movements into a more adaptive stereotyped response, namely, licking a drinking tube. One aim of the proposed research is to determine whether tolerance develops when licking is precluded. Rats implanted with oral cannulas and given chronic injections of amphetamine will be reinforced with milk directly into their mouths for holding their heads stationary with or without the opportunity to lick an empty drinking tube. A second aim is to determine whether individual differences in motor activity evoked by an acute injection of amphetamine are correlated with the rate and/or level of tolerance that subsequently develops to the hypophagic effect of the drug. A third aim is to assess the generality of the theory by determining whether tolerance to the hypophagic effect of apomorphine, cocaine, and methylphenidate also involves learning to channel stereotyped movements into licking. This will be accomplished by comparing the effect of each of these drugs on the milk intake and movement patterns of cannula- and bottle-fed rats. A final aim of this proposal is to determine whether tolerance develops to the hypophagic effect of amphetamine when stereotyped movements do not contribute to hypophagia, i.e., in "free feeding" cannula-fed rats. The relatively rapid development of tolerance to the behaviorally disruptive effects of stimulant drugs may contribute to their widespread abuse. To the extent that behavioral tolerance involves instrumental learning, the proposed research will provide a rationale for understanding how people adapt to the behaviorally disruptive effects of stimulant drugs of abuse.