BEHAVIORAL CONTROL OF BREATHING

呼吸系统的行为控制涉及自愿行为，如 因为屏息和反射行为，如打喷嚏，咳嗽，和 吞下去。所有这些行为都是依赖于状态的，通常会发生 只有在清醒的时候。其中许多对航空公司的防御很重要。为 例如，除了在营养方面的作用外，吞咽是最后的 采取行动清除呼吸道中的粘液。吞咽障碍、咳嗽 打喷嚏会导致吸入和/或刺激呼吸道，这是 与生活格格不入。 人们对呼吸系统的行为控制知之甚少。我们的 对正常动物进行行为呼吸训练的研究 响应显示在这种情况下控制发生在自动系统内 在脑干上。当行为停止吸气时，吸气 脑干中的神经元处于失活状态。此停用不会导致 在正常呼吸过程中抑制吸气神经元的细胞。它可能 而是由同时接收呼吸系统和 非呼吸系统输入(低氮细胞)。这些单元格可以充当接口 调节呼吸系统的行为和反射控制。 对这一提议的研究将检验这一理论。我们将确定是否 在吸气行为抑制期间被激活的低氮细胞 也被引起反射性呼吸暂停和防御性呼吸暂停的刺激所激活 打喷嚏、咳嗽和吞咽的呼吸道反应。为此， 脑干呼吸神经元活动和呼吸肌活动 将被记录在鼻腔引起的防御性呼吸反应期间， 觉醒和NREM患者的咽部和气管-支气管部刺激 快速眼动睡眠在完整的成年猫身上。这些研究将涉及神经 呼吸暂停的机制，呼吸系统的协调 打喷嚏、咳嗽、吞咽以及睡眠对防御的影响 呼吸反应。

Behavioral control of the respiratory system involves voluntary acts such as breathholding and reflexive acts such as sneezing, coughing, and swallowing. All of these acts are stat e-dependent and generally occur only in wakefulness. Many are important for defense of the airways. For example, in addition to its role in alimentation, swallowing is the final act in clearance of mucous from the airways. Impaired swallowing, coughing and sneezing lead to aspiration and/or irritation of the airways, which are incompatible with life. Behavioral control of the respiratory system is poorly understood. Our studies of normal animals trained to perform a behavioral respiratory response show that control in this case occurs within the automatic system of the brainstem. When inspiration is stopped behaviorally, inspiratory neurons in the brainstem are inactivated. This inactivation is not caused by cells that inhibit inspiratory neurons during normal breathing. It may be caused instead by cells that receive both respiratory and nonrespiratory inputs (low n2 cells). These cells may act as an interface that mediates behavioral and reflexive control of the respiratory system. The studies of this proposal will test this theory. We will determine if low n2 cells that are activated during behavioral inhibition of inspiration are activated also by stimuli that cause reflexive apneas and the defensive respiratory responses of sneezing, coughing, and swallowing. To this end, brainstem respiratory neuronal activity and respiratory muscle activity will be recorded during defensive respiratory responses elicited by nasal, pharyngeal, and tracheobronchial stimulation in wakefulness and NREM and REM sleep in intact adult cats. These studies will address the neural mechanisms of apnea, the coordination of the respiratory system during sneezing, coughing and swallowing, and the effect of sleep on defensive respiratory responses.