Revision of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary (N-Q)

《盎格鲁-诺曼词典》（AND）是唯一一本试图全面描述1066年诺曼征服不列颠群岛后法语使用情况的词典。最初于1977年至1992年以书籍形式出版，1990年前后开始进行彻底修订；目前已达到M.新版本，首次印刷（MHRA， 2005年），为A-E，现在是一个专门的在线词典（www.anglo-norman.net），免费提供，没有访问限制。它被广泛认为是盎格鲁-诺曼词汇的权威，并于2011年被巴黎的文字学学会授予了著名的“查夫萨梅荣誉奖”。目前的建议是对字母N到q的修订的延续，此外，我们提出了几个实质性的补充和创新：i)对“用法标签”（指示特定单词使用的领域：例如植物学，法律或商业）进行彻底的检查和扩展，增加了通过这些标签进行搜索的能力，并提取（例如）与建筑有关的所有术语；ii)引入系统的法语、拉丁语和英语相关词典的交叉参考；Iii)在条目之后增加简短的叙述，以解释编辑的决定，并提供额外的语言、社会或历史信息。最后这一点强化了《与》像任何一本严肃的词典一样，在多大程度上记录和描绘了现实社会（在这里是中世纪社会）。盎格鲁-诺曼语是征服者和他的追随者使用的语言，但它迅速成为一种繁荣的想象文学的语言，并在不列颠群岛和国际上成为行政、法律和商业的工具。它是中世纪法语的变体，是中世纪仅次于拉丁语的最重要的语言，在整个西欧的外交、贸易、科学和文学中使用。在整个中世纪，不列颠群岛当然是多种语言的。因此，不可避免的是，盎格鲁-诺曼语不仅对法语的历史（它提供了许多现存最古老的文学文本）和英国和爱尔兰社会的历史很重要，而且作为中世纪拉丁语的主要记录语言，也许最重要的是，中世纪英语。盎格鲁-诺曼元素在中世纪和现代英语中是非常重要的，and的进步最终使正确理解它（以及它与不列颠群岛其他语言的关系）成为可能。例如，在《源自英国的中世纪拉丁语词典》和英语词典（中古英语词典，OED）中，盎格鲁-诺曼语的数量惊人，而且越来越多；《与》的编辑们尤其为《牛津英语词典》的新词源大量使用与而感到自豪。本项目的主要目的是修订和改进and，除此之外，越来越多的情况是and（就像它所记录的语言一样）不能也不希望孤立地运作。几十年来，该项目不仅与英国（DMLBS和现在的OED），而且与国外的主要高水平词典企业保持密切联系：德国的古法语词源词典（DEAF），法国的中古法语词典（1330-1500年），法语词源词典（FEW），以及最近推出的泛欧洲浪漫词源词典，总部设在法国南希（Nancy）和德国萨尔布雷<e:2>肯（saarbrcken）。随着所有这些词典的电子化程度越来越高，它们之间的相互联系，以及在我们共同目标上的更紧密合作的真正前景，现在已经出现在地平线上，而and，作为该集团中主要的英国浪漫元素，完全打算在这方面成为欧洲未来的一部分。

The Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND) is the only dictionary which attempts to give a comprehensive account of the French language as it was used in the British Isles after the Norman Conquest in 1066. Initially published in book form from 1977 to 1992, a thoroughgoing revision has been under way since c. 1990 ; it has currently reached M. The new edition, at first printed (MHRA, 2005) for A-E, is now an exclusively online dictionary (www.anglo-norman.net), freely available with no restrictions of access. It is widely respected as the authority on Anglo-Norman vocabulary and in 2011 was awarded the prestigious "Prix Honoré Chavée" by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris. The present proposal is for a continuation of this revision for the letters N to Q. In addition, we propose several substantive additions and innovations: i) a complete overhaul and expansion of the "usage labels" (which indicate domains in which particular words are used: e.g. botanical, legal, or commercial), with the added ability to search by these labels and pull out (for example) all terms pertaining to architecture; ii) the introduction of systematic cross-references to the immediately related dictionaries of French, Latin, and English; iii) the addition of short narrative accounts after entries to explain editorial decisions and to provide extra linguistic, social, or historical information. This last element reinforces the extent to which the AND, like any serious dictionary, also documents and charts the reality of (in this case, medieval) society. Anglo-Norman was the language of the Conqueror and his followers but it rapidly became the language of a flourishing imaginative literature, and the vehicle for administration, the law, and commerce both within the British Isles, and internationally. It was a variety of medieval French, the most important language after Latin in the Middle Ages, used throughout the whole of Western Europe in diplomacy, trade, science, and literature. The British Isles were of course multilingual throughout the Middle Ages. Inevitably, Anglo-Norman is thus important not only for the history of French (for which it supplies many of the oldest surviving literary texts) and the history of British and Irish society, but also as a main language of record alongside medieval Latin and perhaps most significantly, Middle English. The Anglo-Norman element in medieval and indeed modern English is massively important and the progress of the AND is at last making possible a proper understanding of it (and of its relationship to the other languages of the British Isles). It is striking, for example, how much Anglo-Norman there is -- and increasingly -- in the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, and in the dictionaries of English (Middle English Dictionary, OED); and the AND editors take particular pride in the extent to which the new OED etymologies make extensive use of the AND.In addition to the main purpose of the present project, which is the revision and improvement of the AND, it is also, and increasingly, the case that the AND (like the language it records) cannot and would not wish to operate in isolation. For several decades, the project has been closely linked to major, high-calibre dictionary enterprises not only in the UK (DMLBS and now OED), but also abroad: the Etymological Dictionary of Old French (DEAF) in Germany, and in France, the Dictionary of Middle French for the period 1330-1500, the French Etymological Dictionary (FEW), and the recently-launched pan-European Romance Etymological Dictionary, based in Nancy (France) and Saarbrücken (Germany). As all of these dictionaries are increasingly electronic, the very real prospect of interlinking them, and working in closer collaboration on our common objectives, is now on the horizon, and the AND, as the major British Romance element in the group, fully intends to be part of the European future in this regard.