The First Hebrew Shakespeare Translations

我的研究的首要目标是提供最早的完整的莎士比亚戏剧翻译成希伯来语，Iti'el（奥塞洛，维也纳，1874年）和拉姆veYa'el（罗密欧与朱丽叶，维也纳，1878年）的第一次深入分析。这些戏剧是由艾萨克·萨尔金森（Isaac Salkinson）直接从英语翻译而来的，他是一位立陶宛犹太人，已经皈依基督教，并形成了一个充满意识形态的犹太启蒙运动的一部分，旨在在东欧建立一个现代欧洲风格的希伯来文学，当时这种语言在巴勒斯坦大规模回归本土化之前几乎仍然是一种纯粹的书面媒介。萨尔金森的翻译在几个方面都很重要。首先，它们是一些世界上最著名的戏剧作品的最早的希伯来语版本，因此是研究东欧希伯来语翻译和现代希伯来文学起源的关键资源。其次，他们铺平了道路，从而提供了宝贵的文学和历史语境，所有随后的希伯来文莎士比亚翻译。第三，它们提供了一个重要的和迄今为止尚未探索的视角，在世界范围内的阿拉伯语翻译，因为它们构成了一些翻译成一个基本上无声的语言的唯一例子。第四，翻译可以作为一个有指导意义的案例研究专家在翻译理论中，Salkinson采用了高度犹太化的风格，在目标文本非常不同的文化从它的英语对应。这种驯化的方法，其中萨尔金森坚持，尽管他皈依基督教，是符合占主导地位的犹太启蒙运动的翻译哲学，这本身是继承了犹太化希伯来文改编的欧洲文学作品可以追溯到中世纪时期的悠久传统。然而，尽管他们的重要意义没有全面的研究这些显着的翻译尚未进行。此外，希伯来戏剧本身在很大程度上仍然无法为读者所用，因为它们没有以现代版本重新发行，并且只位于少数大学图书馆，通常仅限于稀有书籍收藏。我将通过该项目的主要产出，使Salkinson的开创性工作提供给广大读者，一本书长度的卷，其中包含对犹太启蒙运动中希伯来语的地位和使用的介绍，以及译者的传记草图，然后介绍两个希伯来语戏剧以及英文原版，并进行逐行评论。为了分析Salkinson的翻译目的和技巧，重点是他的作品中的犹太化元素，评论将参考当前的归化翻译理论;希伯来语和阿拉姆语的主要犹太来源，如希伯来圣经，米示拿，塔木德和Zohar;以及十九世纪的Schlegel-Tieck德国莎士比亚翻译。要解决的问题包括基督教和古典参考的中立化;圣经短语和犹太文化主题的插入;和拉丁语和法语语言元素的希伯来化/阿拉姆化。该卷将结束与翻译技巧的主题概要中讨论的运行评论。这项研究，这已被接受的同行评审由伦敦大学学院出版社出版的印刷和开放获取的形式，将填补莎士比亚翻译和东欧希伯来文学领域的重大空白。除了这本书，我还将组织一次为期三天的关于莎士比亚和犹太人的重要国际会议;在阿默斯特的马萨诸塞州大学举办一次关于萨尔金森翻译的讲座;制作一场学生/工作人员表演Ram veYa'el;并在伦敦地区的三所犹太学校为A Level英语学生和教师举办一系列讲座，以提高公众对这项工作的认识。

The overarching aim of my research is to provide the first in-depth analysis of the earliest complete Shakespeare plays rendered into Hebrew, Iti'el (Othello, Vienna, 1874) and Ram veYa'el (Romeo and Juliet, Vienna, 1878). The plays were translated directly from the English by Isaac Salkinson, a Lithuanian Jew who had converted to Christianity, and form part of an ideologically loaded Jewish Enlightenment initiative to establish a modern European-style Hebrew literature in Eastern Europe at a time when the language was still almost solely a written medium prior to its large-scale revernacularisation in Palestine. Salkinson's translations are significant in several respects. Firstly, they are the earliest Hebrew versions of some of the world's most renowned dramatic works, and are therefore a key resource for the study of Hebrew translation in Eastern Europe and the origins of Modern Hebrew literature. Secondly, they paved the way for, and thus provide valuable literary and historical contextualisation for, all subsequent Hebrew Shakespeare translations. Thirdly, they offer an important and hitherto unexplored perspective on Shakespearean translation worldwide, as they constitute some of the sole examples of renditions into a largely unspoken language. Fourthly, the translations can serve as an instructive case study for specialists in translation theory in that Salkinson adopted a highly Judaising style resulting in a target text very culturally distinct from its English counterpart. This domesticating approach, to which Salkinson adhered despite his conversion to Christianity, is consistent with the dominant Jewish Enlightenment translatorial philosophy which is itself heir to a long tradition of Judaising Hebrew adaptations of European literary works dating back to the medieval period. However, despite their great significance no comprehensive study of these remarkable translations has yet been conducted. Moreover, the Hebrew plays themselves remain largely inaccessible to readers, as they have not been reissued in a modern edition and are located in only a small number of university libraries, often confined to Rare Books collections. I shall make Salkinson's pioneering work available to a wide readership via the project's main output, a book-length volume containing an introduction to the position and use of Hebrew in the Jewish Enlightenment and a biographical sketch of the translator, followed by a presentation of the two Hebrew plays alongside the English originals with a running line-by-line commentary. In order to analyse Salkinson's translatorial aims and techniques with a focus on the Judaising elements in his work, the commentary will make reference to current theory on domesticating translation; primary Jewish sources in Hebrew and Aramaic such as the Hebrew Bible, Mishnah, Talmuds, and Zohar; and the nineteenth-century Schlegel-Tieck German Shakespeare rendition. Topics to be addressed include the neutralisation of Christian and classical references; the insertion of biblical phrases and Jewish cultural motifs; and the Hebraisation/Aramaicisation of Latin and French linguistic elements. The volume will conclude with a thematic synopsis of the translation techniques discussed in the running commentary. This study, which has been accepted subject to peer review for publication by UCL Press in print and Open Access form, will fill a significant gap in the fields of Shakespeare translation and Eastern European Hebrew literature. In addition to the volume, I shall organise a major three-day international conference on Shakespeare and the Jews; hold a lecture on Salkinson's translations at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst; produce a student/staff performance of Ram veYa'el; and give a series of talks to A Level English students and teachers at three Jewish schools in the London area in order to raise awareness of the work among the wider public.