Revision of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary (Letters T-Z)

盎格鲁-诺曼语在当时的意义及其对现代英语词汇发展的长期影响怎么强调都不为过：这种法语方言是在1066年诺曼征服后引入英国的，并被广泛使用了四个多世纪，数百万篇文献中使用了它，这些文献涉及英国中世纪生活的各个领域，如文学、法律、宗教、商业、科学、教育和行政。因此，根据《牛津英语词典》的记录，盎格鲁-诺曼在塑造近三分之二的英语词汇方面发挥了重要作用。《盎格鲁-诺曼词典》是80年前构思的，是对这种语言词汇的全面记录，并在1977-92年间印刷的一系列卷中达到顶峰(AND1)。随后很快开展了修订和数字化方案，编制了一个广泛扩展的在线词典(和2)，自2006年以来一直免费提供(www.anglo-norman.net)。荣誉奖由巴黎铭文与美文学会(2011年)认可，以表彰其对盎格鲁-诺曼语系研究的贡献，并已在网上确立了自己作为盎格鲁-诺曼语系权威资源的地位，为包括语言学家、文学学者、档案工作者和历史学家在内的众多用户提供了一个必要的工具，以及对中世纪不列颠的生活和语言感兴趣的学术专家。目前的项目是最后阶段，将完成近三十年的修订和修订。在完成对字母A-S词条的修订后，编辑小组现在将修订词典的其余部分，即字母T-Z项下的词条，为期42个月，每年大约600个词条。修订过程重新调查并极大地改进了当前的每个AND1条目，以获得语义细节和文本覆盖，并为许多以前没有注意到的单词添加新的条目。为了说明起见，在修订的N-词条中，实质性词条的数量增加了一倍多(从339个增加到887个)，词义的数量也增加了一倍(931个到2088个)，例证引用的数量增加了四倍(从1075个增加到4218个)。T-Z的修订还将这些条目提高到更高的学术标准，使其有别于AND1的条目，并使其成为在多语言和社会学背景下研究盎格鲁-诺曼的通用工具。这些措施包括系统地交叉引用中世纪法语、拉丁语和英语词典中的同源词条；所有引文的日期和时间编排，连同最早证明的识别，扩大了词条的范围；从最初的纯粹语义词典(提供单词的定义)也扩展到历史词典(追溯单词的历史)；在定义中增加了可搜索的语义标签，允许通过领域或命名学字段分析语言；增加了突出更复杂词条的语言、语义或历史方面的社论评论。除此之外，还将在整个词典中引入一个新的可搜索的语言标签系统，允许用户专门搜索盎格鲁-诺曼语中的外来词和借词。此外，编辑小组将对25种混合语文原文进行有重点的重新审查，并将审查结果添加到整个词典中。这些额外的材料和新的搜索选项相结合，将为了解中世纪英国的多语言性质及其国际联系提供新的见解。该项目的最后几个月将使编辑们能够合并所有编辑阶段的数据，确保未来对盎格鲁-诺曼语系词汇的所有研究都有一致的数据。

The significance of Anglo-Norman in its own day and its long-term impact on the development of modern English lexis cannot be overstated: this dialect of French was introduced in Britain after the Norman Conquest in 1066, and was used extensively for over four centuries, attested by its use in several million texts relating to all areas of medieval life in Britain, such as literature, law, religion, commerce, science, education and administration. As a result, Anglo-Norman became instrumental in shaping almost two thirds of the English vocabulary, as recorded by the OED. The Anglo-Norman Dictionary was conceived eighty years ago as a comprehensive account of the vocabulary of this language and culminated in a series of volumes printed between 1977-92 (AND1). A programme of revision and digitization soon followed to produce a widely expanded, online dictionary (AND2), which has been freely available since 2006 (www.anglo-norman.net). Recognized by the Prix Honoré Chavée by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris (2011) for its contribution to the study of Anglo-Norman, the online AND has established itself as the authoritative resource on Anglo-Norman, providing an essential tool for a wide range of users: academic specialists, including linguists, literary scholars, archivists and historians, as well as non-specialists interested in the life and languages of medieval Britain.The current project constitutes the final phase which will bring almost three decades of AND revision to a successful end. Following the completion of the revision of the entries for letters A-S, the AND editorial team will now revise the remainder of the dictionary, those entries found under letters T-Z, over a 42-month period, at a rate of approximately 600 entries per annum. The revision process re-investigates and greatly improves every current AND1 entry for semantic detail and textual coverage and adds new entries for the many words not previously noted. For the sake of illustration, in the revised N- entries, the number of substantive entries more than doubled (from 339 to 887), as did the number of senses (931 to 2088), with four times the number of illustrative citations (from 1075 to 4218).The revision of T-Z will also raise these entries to the higher academic standards which distinguish the online AND's entries from those of AND1 and make it a versatile tool for studying Anglo-Norman in its multilingual and sociological context. These include the systematic cross-referencing of all entries to cognate entries in dictionaries of medieval French, Latin, and English; the dating and chronological presentation of all citations, which together with the identification of the earliest attestation expand the AND from originally a purely semantic dictionary (providing definitions of words) to also a historical one (tracing the history of words); the addition of searchable semantic tags in definitions, which allow the analysis of the language through domains, or onomasiological fields; and the addition of editorial commentaries highlighting linguistic, semantic, or historical aspects of more complex entries. In addition to this, a new system of searchable 'language tags' will be introduced throughout the entirety of the dictionary, allowing users to search specifically for loanwords and borrowings in Anglo-Norman. Furthermore, the editorial team will carry out a focussed re-examination of 25 mixed language source texts and add the results to the entirety of the Dictionary. The combination of these additional materials and the new search option will provide new insights into the multilingual nature of medieval Britain and its international contacts. The final months of the project will allow the editors to consolidate the data across all editorial stages, ensuring consistent data for all future studies into the lexis of Anglo-Norman.