FACCE ERA-NET+ An integrated approach to evaluate and harvest genetic diversity for breeding climate-resilient barley

基于对模式植物的研究，人们越来越多地了解植物的逆境反应和抗病途径，以及这些途径是如何相交和相互作用的。这一理解将有助于在拟议的气候吧项目内建立一个框架，在其中放置基于全球气候分析系统的成果，并在其中进行一般事务和理想类型建模。环境胁迫，如热、冷、干旱、洪涝和病原体的侵袭并不是单独经历的；植物激素脱落酸(ABA)在植物的逆境适应以及整合和微调逆境反应信号网络中发挥基础作用[1，2]，并通过ABF转录因子触发干旱反应基因的下游表达[3]。所涉及的详细信号通路在拟南芥中开始被解开[4]，在其他物种中关于这些调节通路和基因网络的一些工作已经展开[5，6]。在大麦中，最终干旱胁迫期间籽粒灌浆和产量的减少是通过ABA水平的变化来调节的[7]。了解不同的胁迫信号通路如何在大麦中相互作用是很重要的，因为有越来越多的证据表明，干旱造成的胁迫和生物营养病原体之间存在严重的权衡效应[8]。气候吧将有助于这种理解。大麦正在成为研究逆境适应遗传学的模型；在大麦中已经确定了数量性状基因座(QTL)和生物和非生物抗逆的候选基因[9，10]，尽管它们与大的种质集和特定的生理特征有关，如《气候条》中所研究的那样，还需要建立。一个新出现的重要问题是如何将压力反应传达给下一代。对气候变化引起的胁迫的弹性反应意味着植物不仅会从胁迫中恢复，而且下一代在萌发、生长、产量或质量方面不会受到影响。受感染植物的后代可以表现出对父母感染的表观遗传记忆[11]。有新的证据表明，表观遗传的DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰，如由多梳蛋白质组介导的那些，在大麦胚胎中对ABA反应和活跃[12，13]。最近在拟南芥中的工作已经发现了控制表观遗传效应的基因座[14]，这是一种表观遗传学；这表明，气候条的研究可能会在大麦中发现一组平行的基因座，帮助提供抗逆性的育种线索。

Based on studies in model plants, there is an increasing understanding of stress response and disease resistance pathways in plants and how these pathways intersect and interact. This understanding will help create a framework within the proposed ClimBar project in which to place the GWAS-based results and in which to carry out GS and ideotype modelling. Environmental stresses such as heat, cold, drought, flooding and attack by pathogens are not experienced singly; the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a fundamental role in stress adaptation in plants and in integrating and fine-tuning stress-response signalling networks [1,2] and triggers downstream expression of drought-response genes via the ABF transcription factor [3]. The detailed signalling pathway involved is beginning to be unravelled in Arabidopsis [4] and some work on these regulatory pathways and gene networks in other species has been carried out [5,6]. In barley, curtailment of grain filling and hence yield during terminal drought stress is mediated by changes in ABA levels [7]. It will be important to understand how different stress-signalling pathways interact in barley because there is accumulating evidence for severe trade-off effects between, e.g., stress imposed by drought and biotrophic pathogens [8]. ClimBar will contribute to this understanding. Barley is emerging as a model for studying the genetics of stress adaptation; quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes for biotic and abiotic stress resistance have already been identified in barley [9,10], although their relevance to large germplasm sets and particular physiological features related to resilience, as studied in ClimBar will need to be established. An emerging and important question is the means by which stress response is communicated to the next generation. A resilient response to stresses induced by climate change implies that a plant will not only recover from the stress, but also that the next generation will not be compromised in its germination, growth, yield, or quality. Progeny of infected plants can display epigenetic memories of infections in the parents [11]. There are emerging lines of evidence that epigenetic DNA methylation and histone modifications such as those mediated by polycomb group of proteins are responsive to ABA and active in barley embryos [12,13]. Recent work in Arabidopsis has uncovered loci controlling epigenetic effects [14], a genetics of epigenetics; this suggest that the ClimBar study may uncover a parallel set of loci in barley, helping to provide breeding leads for resilience.