COCAINE EFFECTS ON AROUSAL AND ATTENTION IN NEONATES

我们推测由于可卡因对大脑发育的影响 儿茶酚胺系统，产前接触可卡因应干扰 婴儿调节和控制性唤醒的能力，从而影响 注意力的正常发展。因此，新生儿和年轻人 滥用可卡因的母亲的婴儿将在如何融合方面有所不同 唤醒和注意与(A)非暴露、无毒品对照组相比， 和(B)有其他中枢神经系统危险情况的婴儿。此外，这些 差异将持续到生命的第一年，并被察觉 主要使用需要视觉信息处理的任务。 初步证据表明，接触可卡因的婴儿倾向于看起来 在更刺激的活动中，无论唤醒的操作是什么 通常会将偏好转移到刺激程度较低的活动上。这 行为差异与婴儿的行为差异形成鲜明对比 结构性中枢神经系统的侮辱和对正常婴儿的侮辱。具体来说，我们 建议：(A)在新生儿期间复制和推广这些研究 期间；(B)研究早期接触可卡因与 注意和知觉系统的发育变化 识别记忆的后续发展，预测可卡因 暴露会干扰这些过程的正常发展 在足月后1、4和7个月进行评估时；和(C)确定 10个月和13个月后认知发展的程度， 通过掌握动机和对意外经历的反应来衡量，是 受影响的可卡因暴露，预测可卡因暴露将影响 激励系统的发展，并将改变人们对 环境中不寻常的信息，导致需要更长的时间 熟悉以了解违反预期或可能来自 不可能发生的事情。此外，我们希望找到确凿的证据 宫内可卡因暴露对新生儿不良影响的研究 神经行为表现，唾液皮质醇反应作为指标 脑干听觉诱发反应作为应激反应的指标 神经传导速度的发育与胎儿宫内发育迟缓的关系 通过宫内应激，心率变异性的变化作为一个指标 改变了与环境体验的融合。

We hypothesize that because of cocaine's effect on the developing catecholamine system, prenatal cocaine exposure should interfere with the infant's ability to regulate and control arousal, thereby affecting the normal development of attention grocesses. Thus, neonates and young infants of cocaine abusing mothers will differ in how they integrate arousal and attention as compared to (a) non-exposed, drug-free controls, and (b) infants with other CNS risk conditions. Furthermore, these differences will persist through the first year of life and be detected primarily using tasks that require visual information processing. Preliminary evidence indicates that cocaine-exposed infants tend to look at more stimulating events regardless of manipulations of arousal that would normally shift preferences to less stimulating events. This behavioral difference is in marked contrast to that of infants with structural CNS insults and to that of normal infants. Specifically, we propose: (a) to replicate and extend these studies during the neonatal period; (b) to study the interaction of early cocaine-exposure with developmental changes in attentional and perceptual systems and with subsequent development of recognition memory, predicting that cocaine exposure will interfere with the normal development of these processes when evaluated at 1, 4, and 7 months postterm age; and (c) determine the degree to which cognitive development at 10 and 13 months posterm age, measured by mastery motivation and response to surprising experiences, is affected cocaine exposure, predicting that cocaine exposure will affect the development of motivational systems and will alter attention to unusual information in the environment, resulting in the need for longer familiarization to appreciate violations of expectancies or possible from impossible events. In addition, we expect to find corroborative evidence of the adverse effect of in utero cocaine exposure by studying neonatal neurobehavioral performance, salivary cortisol responses as an indicator of reaction to stress, brainstem auditory evoked responses as an indicator of development of neural transmission speed in relation to IUGR produced by in utero stress, and heart-rate variability changes as an indicator of altered ANS integration with environmental experiences.