Sustainability-Intensification Trade-offs in Coffee Agroforestry in Central America

增加农业生产的需求，从现有的土地面积，要求生产集约化。与此同时，需要提高可持续性，既要在气候和市场变化的条件下维持作物生产力，也要在总体上维持生态系统对人类的服务。农林复合系统被认为是将生产性土地利用与环境可持续性结合起来的一种方式。咖啡农业系统从集约化的单一栽培种植园到类似森林的咖啡混农林各不相同，因此提供了一个模型系统来评估集约化和可持续性之间的权衡和潜在协同效应。将对中美洲两个国家的咖啡农业系统进行比较，哥斯达黎加的生产甚至在农林业系统内也更加集约化，危地马拉的传统咖啡农林业系统占主导地位。2000年在哥斯达黎加建立了一项长期的咖啡农林业试验，比较了不同农艺投入水平下不同的农林业遮荫树和咖啡单一栽培。本试验将在每个国家代表不同咖啡生产类型的60-80个咖啡农场上评估生态系统服务的供应、支持和调节指标。类型学将涵盖一系列生产强度（化肥使用水平）和可持续性（遮荫树水平）。这将评价每个系统提供支助服务（光、营养和水）以维持生产的能力，咖啡农林模式将估计温室气体封存或排放以及水平衡和质量的调节服务。咖啡农林模型还将估算不同农业系统对不同投入水平和气候条件的反应。这些数据将与农民报告的气候和市场变化的影响进行比较，并用于每种生产类型的经济敏感性分析。将根据森林提供的碳、水和生物多样性方面的环境足迹进行计算和评估。然后，这些将能够分析“土地共享”（更可持续，但生产力较低，土地面积较大）和“土地节约”（生产力高，可持续性较低，但将土地释放给森林）情景之间的经济和环境权衡。最终将应用一个权衡模型，该模型综合了生产、环境、社会和经济数据，以评估在不同市场和气候条件下农民群体可能采用的不同农业系统，以及经济和环境结果。这些结果将为农民提供最佳战略和支持，以实现可持续的生产性生计，同时满足市场的产品需求和社会的环境需求。

Demand for increasing agricultural production, from existing land area, requires the intensification of production. At the same time there is a need for increased sustainability, both in terms of sustaining crop productivity under conditions of climate and market variation, and maintaining ecosystem services to humanity in general. Agroforestry systems have been posed as a way to combine productive land-use with environmental sustainability. Coffee agri-systems vary from intensive monoculture plantations to forest-like coffee agroforests and thus provide a model system to evaluate the trade-offs and potential synergies between intensification and sustainability. Coffee agri-systems will be compared in two countries in Central America, Costa Rica where production has been more intensive even within agroforestry systems and Guatemala where traditional coffee agroforestry systems predominate. A long-term coffee agroforestry experiment was established in Costa Rica in 2000 comparing different agroforestry shade trees and coffee monoculture under different levels of agronomic inputs. Provisioning, supporting and indicators of regulating ecosystem services will be evaluated in this experiment and on 60-80 coffee farms in each country representing different typologies of coffee production. The typologies will cover a range of intensity of production (levels of fertilizer use) and sustainability (levels of shade trees). This will evaluate the capacity of each system to provide supporting services (light, nutrients and water) to sustain production and a coffee agroforestry model will estimate regulating services of greenhouse gas sequestration or emissions, and water balance and quality. The coffee agroforestry model will also generate estimates of the response of the different agri-systems to varying levels of inputs and climate conditions. These will be compared to farmer reported effects of climate and market variations and used to inform an economic sensitivity analysis of each production typology. Environmental footprints in terms of carbon, water and biodiversity will be calculated and assessed against those that would be provided by forest. These will then enable an analysis of economic and environmental trade-offs of "land-sharing" (more sustainable but lower productivity larger land area) and "land-sparing" (high productivity lower sustainability but release of land to forest) scenarios. Ultimately a Trade-off Model will be applied that integrates productive, environmental, social and economic data to assess the likely adoption of different agri-systems across a population of farmers under different market and climate conditions, and the economic and environmental outcomes. These results will inform the best strategies and support for farmers to enable sustainable productive livelihoods while meeting the product demands of markets and environmental demands of society.