PREVALENCE & EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CRYPTORCHIDISM

本提案的总体目标是确定 婴儿早期真性隐睾的患病率， 评估母体和妊娠因素在 隐睾症的流行病学 具体而言，本研究将确定 出生时、3个月和1岁时的隐睾症。 到 完成这一点，大约5,800个连续的单例 在西奈山医院分娩的活产男婴将被 出生时检查是否有隐睾 那些被发现 出生后3个月和1年随访隐睾 评估自发睾丸下降的频率 并提供一个婴儿的比例估计， 隐睾症 将进行一项病例对照研究， 隐睾的流行病学危险因素 更具体地说， 本研究将评估：a） 与黑人相比， 隐睾症的发生存在种族/民族差异 对于白色、黑人和西班牙裔婴儿，B）隐睾症是 与胎儿宫内发育迟缓相关的因素 与子宫内发育迟缓有关，如香烟 吸烟和其他物质滥用，以及c）隐睾症是 与先前提出的风险因素有关，如产妇 肥胖，产前外源性激素使用， 习惯性流产和臀位分娩 最后的研究小组将 包括大约150名睾丸未降的婴儿， 在一岁（病例）和370名睾丸下降的婴儿中， 出生时（对照组）。 第三组，也将进行比较 与对照组相比，将由大约180名婴儿组成， 睾丸在出生到一岁之间自发下降。 将通过问卷调查获得有关风险因素的信息 在产后住院期间给母亲服用 期 这项研究应提供重要信息， 隐睾的流行病学和发病机制， 关于睾丸癌的原因，因为隐睾是 年轻男性睾丸癌的主要已知危险因素。

The overall objectives of this proposal are to determine the prevalence rate of true cryptorchidism during early infancy and to assess the role of maternal and gestational factors in the epidemiology of cryptorchidism. Specifically, this study will determine the frequency of crytorchidism at birth, at ages 3 months and one year of age. To accomplish this, approximately 5,800 consecutive singleton liveborn male infants delivered at Mount Sinai Hospital will be examined for cryptorchidism at birth. Those who are found to be cryptorchid at birth will be followed up at 3 months and one year of age to assess the frequency of spontaneous testicular descent and provide an estimate of the proportion of infants with true cryptorchidism. A case-control study will be undertaken to investigate epidemiologic risk factors of cryptorchidism. More specifically, this study will assess whether: a) the apparent excess risk of testicular cancer among whites as compared to blacks is reflected in a racial/ethnic differential in the occurrence of cryptorchidism for white, black and Hispanic infants, b) cryptorchidism is associated with intrauterine growth retardation and factors implicated in intrauterine growth retardation, such as cigarette smoking and other substance abuse, and c) cryptorchidism is related to previously suggested risk factors, such as maternal obesity, prenatal exogenous hormone administration, a history of habitual abortion, and breech delivery. The final study groups will comprise an estimated 150 infants whose testes are undescended at age one (the cases) and 370 infants whose testes are descended at birth (the controls). A third group, which will also be compared to the controls, will consist of approximately 180 infants whose testes descend spontaneously between birth and one year of age. Information on the risk factors will be obtained by a questionnaire administered to the mothers during the postpartum hospital period. This study should provide important information on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism and potentially on the causes of testicular cancer since cryptorchidism is the major known risk factor for testicular cancer in young men.