Integrated policies to Reduce Poverty in its Many Dimensions

该研究项目解决的首要研究问题是：哪些因素决定了进入和摆脱贫困的途径以及人们的经历，政策如何以可复制和扩大的方式创造摆脱极端贫困的可持续途径？我们使用Alkire-Foster或AF（2011）方法，以两种非常新的和政策相关的方式。AF方法首先观察每个人经历的剥夺。它根据人们被剥夺的百分比将他们确定为多维度贫困，然后建立一个严格但简单的衡量标准。1.现在，许多国家都有重复的跨部门适应基金措施，以分析个人和群体两级极端多层面贫困的趋势和驱动因素。贫困程度和趋势将按族裔、地区、种姓、宗教、年龄组分列，并将分析变化的驱动因素。在宏观层面，我们将研究与公共支出，增长，不平等，治理，政策整合和其他变量有关的脱贫途径。由于种族和宗教群体往往是穷人中最穷的，我们将密切关注这些不同群体的贫困状况，看看普遍减贫是否包括他们-还是把他们抛在后面。在微观一级，我们将检查没有妇女赋权的家庭是否似乎更经常被抛在后面。然后，我们将能够分析“综合政策”的环境是否以及在何种情况下沿着高减贫率，或社会群体之间更加平等的趋势。进行这项研究首先需要我们建立一个创新的、高质量的和大规模的贫困统计数据库。我们预计，该数据库将包括60个国家的数据，其中包括撒哈拉以南非洲的30多个国家，以及南亚、东亚和太平洋地区以及拉丁美洲15个最贫穷国家中的13个国家。我们应该有大约四分之三的国家的分类数据，直到国家以下一级。最后的数据集及其相关统计数据将以书面形式提供，并将为本研究中拟进行的微观和宏观计量经济学分析提供基础。我们的目标是评估哪些政策有效地使穷人能够摆脱相互关联的多重贫困。我们将进行两个国家的个案研究（可能是尼泊尔和塞内加尔），与多层面贫穷同侪网络的政府成员密切合作。通过与政策领导人和分析人员进行广泛的定性访谈，我们将研究综合政策干预措施及其在若干方面减少贫困的有效性。这些研究为该项目提供了更加本地化、更有背景的见解，对项目产出和减贫政策产生了影响。这项研究将证明对其他希望制定综合政策以减少多方面贫困的国家是非常宝贵的，我们还将设计和测试一种新的多方面方法，用于正式的影响评估。这种创新的影响评价方法将使研究用户能够从多层面透镜评价方案和某些政策。这将提供一个新的工具，以查明哪种综合政策更能使穷人同时摆脱贫困的几个方面。在RCT中使用多维度结局指标可能会改变RCT的前景。这项研究的一个目标是侧重于政策对经验教训和研究结果的可能吸收。我们与MPPN（由37个国家组成的网络，OPHI担任其秘书处）成员国的经验表明，从一开始就让这些政府作为合作伙伴参与进来对于确保研究的吸收至关重要。同样重要的是有效和积极主动的沟通战略，以达到战略受众

This research project addresses the overarching research question: What factors shape pathways into and out of poverty and people's experience of these, and how can policy create sustained routes out of extreme poverty in ways that can be replicated and scaled up? We use the Alkire-Foster or AF (2011) method, in two very new and policy-relevant ways. The AF method first observes which deprivations each person experiences. It identifies people as multidimensionally poor based on the percentage of deprivations they have, then builds a rigorous but simple measure. 1. Repeated cross-sectional AF measures now exist for a large number of countries to analyse the trends and drivers of extreme multidimensional poverty-at both the individual and group level. Poverty levels and trends will be disaggregated by ethnicity, regions, caste, religion, age group, and the drivers of change will be analysed. At the macro level we will study pathways out of poverty related to public expenditure, growth, inequality, governance, policy integration, and other variables. Because ethnic and religious groups are often among the poorest of the poor, we will look up close at poverty of these different groups, to see if a general reduction in poverty included them--or left them behind. At the micro level we will check whether households without an empowered woman seem to have been left behind more often. We will then be able to analyse whether and in what circumstances settings with 'integrated policies' go along with high rates of poverty reduction, or more equalizing trends across social groups. Doing this research requires us to construct, first of all, an innovative, high quality, and large set of poverty statistics ('databank). We anticipate that this data bank will include data on sixty countries, including over 30 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, plus 13 of the 15 poorest countries in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America. We should have disaggregated data down to the subnational level for about three-quarters of the countries. The final dataset with its associated statistics will be made publically available, and will provide the basis for the proposed micro and macro-econometric analyses to be undertaken in this research.2. We aim to evaluate what policies have been effective in enabling the poor to escape multiple interconnected dimensions of poverty. We will undertake two country case studies (probably Nepal and Senegal), working closely with government members of the Multidimensional Poverty Peer Network. Through extensive qualitative interviews with policy leaders and analysts, we will undertake a study of integrated policy interventions and their effectiveness in reducing poverty in several dimensions. These studies provide the project with more localized, contextualized insights that impact project outputs and poverty reduction policies. This research will prove invaluable to other countries wishing to design integrated policies to reduce multidimensional poverty.We will also design and test a new multidimensional methodology for formal impact evaluation. This innovative approach to impact evaluation will enable research users to evaluate programmes and certain policies using a multidimensional lens. This will provide a new tool to pinpoint what kinds of integrated policies better enable the poor to leave and stay out of several dimensions of poverty at the same time. The use of multidimensional outcome measures in RCTs could alter the RCT landscape. An objective of this research is to focus on the possible policy uptake of lessons learned and research findings. Our experience with the country members of the MPPN, a network of 37 countries for which OPHI acts a Secretariat, shows us that involving these governments as partners from the very beginning is essential to insure research uptake. Also essential are effective and proactive communications strategies to reach strategic audie