CEREBRAL CORTICAL MECHANISMS FOR EYE MOVEMENTS AND VISUAL ATTENTION

前额叶皮质中单个神经元的活动 对额叶眼场的计划已经在许多方面进行了研究 视觉和眼球运动任务。这一区域的神经元在视觉上 有反应，并在开始前有两种活动 眼跳：眼跳前增强和眼跳前 重新激活。这些结果表明，前额叶皮质 参与计划视觉引导的扫视。 接受短眼跳适应范式训练的猴子学习 迅速改变他们扫视的幅度。刺激 在短期适应的情况下，上丘产生 与未适应的情况相同的眼跳。一些单项的活动 上丘的神经元证明了这一点。 适应：当猴子做出调整后的眼跳时 对视觉刺激的反应幅度，一些丘神经元 通常与活动无关的眼跳前放电 从这些神经元中。这些观察结果被扩展到一个 更长期的适应模式。一个或多个眼外眼 肌肉因注射肉毒杆菌毒素而变弱， 非偏瘫患者戴眼罩。猴子们适应了他们的收获 眼球运动使视力、虚弱的眼睛接近正常 眼跳和看不见的正常眼睛会产生很多眼跳 波幅比正常大。激励上级 丘脑炎也导致了眼跳的产生 不能反映适应的过程。 一类正式阅读成绩在正常范围内的患者 尽管如此，他们仍然认为自己是糟糕的读者 被发现有比正常数量更多的有害物质 视觉注视期间的快速眼球运动(方波跳动)， 以及高于正常的后向眼球运动量 在阅读过程中。凝视不稳定与 骨骼运动性能的定量评估 与注意缺陷障碍相关的功能 孩子们。

The activity of single neurons in the prefrontal cortex that projects to the frontal eye fields has been studied in a number of visual and oculomotor tasks. Neurons in this region are visually responsive and show two sorts of activity before the beginning of a saccade: presaccadic enhancement and presaccadic reactivation. These results suggest that the prefrontal cortex participates in the planning of visually guided saccades. Monkeys trained on a short saccadic adaptation paradigm learn quickly to change the amplitude of their saccades. Stimulation of the superior colliculus in the short term adapted case yields the same saccades as the unadapted case. The activity of some single neurons in the superior colliculus shows evidence of this adaptation: When a monkey makes a saccade of adjusted amplitude in response to a visual stimulus, some collicular neurons discharge before saccades ordinarily not associated with activity from those neurons. These observations were extended to a longer-term adaptation paradigm. One or more extraocular muscles were weakened by injection of botulinum toxin, and the non-paretic eye masked. The monkeys adapted the gain of their eye movements so that the seeing, weak eye made close to normal saccades and the non-seeing, normal eye made saccades of much larger amplitude than normal. Stimulation of the superior colliculus resulted in the production here too of saccades that did not reflect the adaptation process. A class of patients with formal reading scores within the normal range who nonetheless consider themselves to be poor readers were found to have a higher than normal amount of unwanted rapid eye movements (square wave jerks) during visual fixation, and a higher than normal amount of backward eye movements during reading. Fixational instability did not correlate with performance on a quantitative assessment of skeletal motor functions which correlates with attentional deficit disorder in children.