Do gender-differences in access to urban landscapes lead to gender-inequalities in mental and physical health?

研究越来越多地表明，城市是围绕着最有赚钱能力的人的需求和习惯而建的，这在历史上意味着男性，而其他群体（如妇女、老年人、儿童）的需求在城市规划中受到一定程度的忽视。这部分是由于计划所依据的数据存在差距。造成差距的原因是，人口层面的数据没有按性别（和年龄）分列，沿着偏向于收集关于经济上占主导地位的劳动力需求的数据。尽管有酬劳动力市场中妇女的人数越来越多，但她们仍然从事大部分无酬和/或有酬非全时工作。这意味着许多女性的旅行模式比大多数男性更复杂。妇女的旅行通常涉及多次、短期、连续的旅行（“旅行链”），前往郊区而不是中央商业区。依赖公共交通或因使用私家车的机会减少而导致的主动出行会增加时间负担（例如，路线迂回、变化更多），并可能更容易接触危险环境（例如，人行横道）、不健康商品（例如，广告、快餐、酒精、烟草）和犯罪/危险（例如，性骚扰/攻击）。对犯罪的恐惧也可能影响到公共场所（如公共汽车站、火车、体育设施、公园）的使用，导致使用机会的不平等。这不仅可能阻碍某些群体获得工作和休闲服务，而且对他们的身心健康产生负面影响。通过这项奖学金，我将解决对不同性别和年龄群体的个人如何在城市景观中移动和使用城市景观的知识缺乏的问题。已经从三个年龄组（儿童、青少年、成年人）的全球定位系统跟踪研究中收集的移动数据将用于确定在使用城市景观方面是否存在性别差异;哪些年龄性别差异变得明显;以及这与个人健康状况有何关联。通过使用在个人层面收集的数据，我们将详细了解人们在日常活动中去哪里，他们如何到达那里，以及这是否与每个人的健康指标有关。运动数据集是巨大的，收集了不同的时间段和不同的地理范围。使用地图数据源，如公园，快餐店和道路的位置从Orlando Survey，以及绿地和人造环境的数据从卫星图像，我们将能够描述每个参与者遇到的城市环境的类型，并将其与健康调查问卷中的答案联系起来。研究结果将被其他有兴趣将健康与地方联系起来的学者和卫生官员使用，也将被有兴趣使所有人都能平等地获得城市景观的地方政府当局、城市规划者和土木工程师使用。

Research increasingly indicates that cities are built around the needs and habits of those with the greatest earning power, which has historically meant men, and the needs of other groups (e.g. women, elderly, children) have been somewhat discounted in urban planning. This is partly due to gaps in the data upon which plans are based. Gaps are caused by a lack of gender (and age) disaggregation of population-level data, along with a bias toward collecting data on the needs of the economically dominant labour force. Although the paid labour market comprises increasing numbers of women, they still conduct the majority of unpaid and/or paid part-time work. This means that many women have more complicated travel patterns than most men. Women's journeys typically involving multiple, short, sequential trips ('trip chaining') to locations in suburban neighbourhoods rather than central business districts. Reliance on public transport or active travel caused by reduced access to private vehicles comes with an increased time burden (e.g. circuitous routes, more changes), and potentially greater exposure to risky environments (e.g. pedestrian crossings), unhealthy commodities (e.g. advertising, fast-food, alcohol, tobacco) and crime/danger (e.g. sexual harassment/assault). Fear of crime may also impact on use of public spaces (e.g. bus stops, trains, sports facilities, parks), leading to inequality in access. This may not only impede access to work and leisure provisions for certain groups, but also have negative effects on their mental and physical health.Through this Fellowship I will address the lack of knowledge on how individuals of different gender- and age-groups move through and use urban landscapes. Movement data, that has already been collected from GPS tracking studies on three age cohorts (children, teenagers, adults), will be used to determine whether gender differences in use of urban landscapes occur; what age gender differences become apparent; and what associations this has with individual-level health status. By using data collected at an individual-level we will gain detailed understanding of where people go during their daily activities, how they get there, and whether this is linked to measures of each individual's health. The movement datasets are vast, collected over different time periods and different geographic extents. Using mapped data sources, such location of parks, fast-food, and roads from Ordnance Survey, and data on greenspace and the built environment from satellite imagery, we will be able to describe the types of urban environment each particpant encounters and link this to their answers in health survey questionnaires. The research findings will be used by other academics and health officials interested in linking health and place, but also Local Government Authorities, urban planners and civil engineers who are interested in making urban landscapes equally accessible for all.