IndiaZooRisk+: Using OneHealth approaches to understand and co-develop interventions for zoonotic diseases affecting forest communities in India

人畜共患疾病（从动物传播给人类）对热带贫困社区的影响尤为严重，并可能导致生命损失、生计、健康和福利受损。森林生境是这类疾病的一个重要来源。对于依赖森林获取食物、燃料和收入的社区来说，进入森林会增加接触人畜共患病原体的风险。虽然我们知道人畜共患疾病在全球范围内正在增加，但我们仍然缺乏关于这些疾病如何在野生动物、牲畜和使用森林的人之间传播的知识，以及森林退化等环境变化如何与人类迁移、当地文化和社会（知识共享）以及政策（土地使用权、疾病优先次序）相互作用，从而加剧了出现和传播。该项目以印度为重点，将其作为流行病和新出现的人畜共患疾病的主要全球热点，并将人类卫生、动物卫生和环境部门的决策者和从业人员网络与专家（公共和动物卫生、生态学、流行病学和社会科学）聚集在一起————从而遵循“同一个健康”方针————旨在减少健康；通过(1)更好地了解不同驱动因素对健康结果和人畜共患疾病传播的影响(2)与受影响的森林社区共同制定改进的干预措施，整合传统知识，从而建设当地社区抵御人畜共患疾病的能力。三种被忽视的人畜共患疾病，即钩端螺旋体病、Kyasanur森林病和灌木斑疹伤寒，在西高止山脉森林社区广泛传播，如果不治疗会导致严重并发症和死亡，但它们具有不同的传播途径，将作为实地研究的关键案例研究。支持这些改进的研究将包括：(1)了解当地文化和政策、营养和环境因素如何影响人畜共患疾病的社区干预、观念和健康结果。(2)调查不同社区如何相互之间以及与从业者和管理者之间分享疾病和卫生干预知识（包括传统知识），以改善沟通策略。(3)研究不同季节野生动物和家畜宿主及蜱螨媒介对人类疾病传播的作用。(4)了解牧民的长距离季节性迁移如何促进他们的复原力或增加他们对疾病和环境变化的暴露。(5)建立计算机模型和风险图，整合环境和社会数据，预测疾病的分布和传播。(6)在研究、数据分析和跨部门协作方面建设能力，以支持印度未来的“同一个健康”方针。改进的决策支持工具和应用程序以及传统知识的优先级将有助于疾病管理人员、决策者和社区工作者开发新的干预措施，更好地针对风险最大的社区开展疫苗接种和沟通工作，并帮助农业和环境部门的管理人员了解对这些社区来说，疾病影响如何与环境变化的其他负面影响同时发生。考虑到各部门利益攸关方的需求和潜在的生态和社会进程，与他们共同开发关于人畜共患疾病的研究、培训和决策支持工具的项目平台和方法，将在科学、政策和从业人员方面建立重大能力，以应对印度及其他地区这些新出现的地方性全球威胁。

Zoonotic diseases (that spread from animals to humans) disproportionately affect poor tropical communities and can lead to loss of life, impaired livelihoods, health and welfare. Forest habitats are a significant source of such diseases. For communities that depend on forests for food, fuel and income, accessing forests comes with the increased risk of being exposed to zoonotic pathogens. Although we know that zoonotic diseases are increasing globally, we still lack knowledge on how these diseases circulate between wildlife, livestock and people as they use forests, and how environmental changes like forest degradation interact with human migration, local culture and society (knowledge sharing), and policy (land tenure, disease prioritisation) to exacerbate emergence and spread. Focussing on India as a key global hotspot for endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases and bringing together a network of policy makers and practitioners from the human health, animal health and environmental sectors with experts (public and animal health, ecology, epidemiology and social science) - thereby following the One Health approach -, this project aims to reduce health, welfare and livelihood impacts of zoonotic diseases by (1) better understanding the impacts of different drivers on health outcomes and spread of zoonotic diseases (2) co-develop improved interventions, integrating traditional knowledge, with affected forest communities and, thereby building the capacity of local communities to be more resilient to zoonotic diseases. Three neglected zoonotic diseases, Leptospirosis, Kyasanur forest Disease and Scrub Typhus that are widespread across the Western Ghats forest communities and cause severe complications and death if untreated, yet have different transmission routes, will be taken as key case-studies for field research. The research underpinning these improvements will include:(1) understanding how local culture and policies, nutrition and environment factors affect community interventions, perceptions and health outcomes from zoonotic diseases.(2) investigating how different communities share knowledge on diseases and health intervention, including traditional knowledge, both with each other and with practitioners and managers, to improve communication strategies.(3) studying the role of different wildlife and livestock hosts and tick and mite vectors in transmission of disease to humans in different seasons.(4) understanding how long distance seasonal migration of pastoralists may promote resilience or increase their exposure to diseases and environmental change.(5) developing computer models and risk maps, integrating environmental and social data, for predicting the distribution and spread of diseases.(6) building capacity in research, data analysis and cross-sectoral collaboration to underpin future One Health approaches in India.Improved decision-support tools and Apps and prioritisation of traditional knowledge will help disease managers, policy makers and community workers to develop novel interventions and better target vaccination and communication efforts towards the communities that are most at risk and help managers in agriculture and environmental sectors to understand how, for these communities, disease impacts may coincide with other negative impacts of environmental change. The project platform and approach of co-developing research, training and decision support tools on zoonotic diseases with stakeholders across sectors, accounting for their needs and underlying ecological and social processes, will build significant capacity in science, policy and practitioners to respond to these emerging and endemic global threats in India and beyond.