Simulating the impact of first responder communication strategies on citizen compliance in emergencies

对化学、生物、辐射和核紧急情况的研究表明，当公民感觉到急救人员与他们属于同一组时，他们参与保护性健康行为的速度更快，并有更高的遵从性。然而，进一步的工作需要解决的是，沟通战略如何才能创造出急救人员在同一组的感觉，以促进这一合规。社会心理学研究可以提供关键工具，通过增加信任来增加第一响应者的有效沟通。社会认同方法解释了集体行为是如何作为一个群体过程出现的，通过将人们归类为“内部群体”(相同的社会群体)或“外部群体”(不同的社会群体)成员。它展示了公众如何在紧急情况下迅速自我组织安全行为，增加对群体内成员的信任，并比群体外成员更受群体内成员的影响。在火灾和持枪抢劫等突发紧急情况下，向公众传达信息的时间可能有限。建立最有效的沟通方法以鼓励安全行为至关重要。行人模型为监督紧急情况下的应变能力提供了一个关键工具。它们可以对个人和集体行为进行建模，从而能够模拟群体和个人行为。使用这种方法，我可以通过探索潜在的心理机制来问为什么以及如何出现行为。至关重要的是，我可以根据社会心理学研究的证据和急救员的经验，建立急救员和公民之间的社会关系模型。然而，很少有模型融合了使集体行为成为可能的社会心理学原则：将他人视为团队成员的看法。目前的行人疏散模型的准确性有限，因为它们不包括群体行为，而且目前没有一个模型包括第一响应者和公众之间的群体过程，以确定它们如何影响紧急情况下的行为。该项目将使用在线研究和受控实验室实验来确定紧急情况下行为的心理基础。我将探讨紧急情况下第一响应者沟通方法对路线选择的影响，以确定第一响应者沟通做法对公民遵从性的行为后果。我将确定如何1)通过在行人模型中使用经过调整的现有沟通方法和假设测试的实验，在紧急情况下增加有效的第一响应者沟通策略，以及2)通过将影响决策的社会心理因素纳入行人模型来改进疏散行为的模拟，以便为应急计划提供建议。通过将当前第一响应者的最佳实践应用于关于紧急行为的社会心理学实验，我将确定最佳实践的改进，以促进更高的公民遵从性。该项目将确定从急救人员到公民的有效的与紧急情况有关的沟通做法。最终，我将结合民事保护和社会心理学的专业知识，为急救人员提供指导，并建立一个包括影响紧急情况下行为的重要社会心理因素的行人模型。这将使我们能够为急救组织创建基于证据的指导和模型，帮助规划最佳应对措施，以促进公民遵守规定并提高安全性。因此，我将加强对疏散中的群体关系和风险因素的了解，并改进目前的程序，以提供基于证据的加强灾害情况下的公共安全。

Research on chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear emergencies suggests that citizens engage in protective health behaviours quicker and have higher compliance when they perceive first responders to be in the same group as them. However, further work needs to address how communication strategies can create the perception that first responders are in the same group to facilitate this compliance. Research in social psychology can provide key tools to increase effective communication from First Responders through increased trust. The Social Identity Approach explains how collective behaviour emerges as a group process, through categorising people as "ingroup" (same social group) or "outgroup" (different social group) members. It demonstrates how the public can quickly self-organise safe behaviour in emergencies, have increased trust in ingroup members, and are more influenced by ingroup members than those outside the group. In sudden onset emergencies such as fires and marauding firearm attacks, there can be limited time in which to convey messages to the public. Establishing the most effective communication methods to encourage safe behaviour is of vital importance. Pedestrian models provide a key tool for overseeing resilience in emergencies. They can model both individual and collective behaviour that enables the simulation of group and individual actions. Using this method, I can ask why and how behaviour emerges by exploring the underlying psychological mechanisms. Crucially, I can model social connections between first responders and citizens based on evidence from social psychological research and first responder experiences. However, few models have incorporated the social psychological principles that make collective behaviour possible: perceptions of others as being fellow group members. Current pedestrian evacuation models have limited accuracy because they do not include group behaviour, and at present none of the models include group processes between First Responders and the public to determine how they influence behaviour in emergencies This project will ascertain the psychological underpinnings of behaviour in emergencies using online studies and a controlled laboratory experiment. I will to explore the effects of first responder communication approaches on route choice in emergencies to determine the behavioural consequences of first responder communication practices on citizen compliance. I will ascertain how to 1) increase effective first responder communication strategies in emergencies through experiments using adapted existing communication approaches and hypotheses testing in pedestrian models, and 2) improve simulations of evacuation behaviour by incorporating social psychological factors that influence decision-making into a pedestrian model to advise emergency planning.By adapting current first responder best practices into social psychological experiments on emergency behaviour, I will identify improvements for best practices that facilitate higher citizen compliance. This project will identify (in)effective emergency-related communication practices from first responders to citizens. Ultimately, I will incorporate expertise from civil protection and social psychology to create guidance for first responders and a pedestrian model that includes important social psychological factors influencing behaviour in emergencies. This will enable us to create evidence-based guidance and models for first responder organisations that will assist with planning the best response to facilitate citizen compliance and increase safety. Thus, I will enhance understanding of group relations and risk factors in evacuations, and improve current procedures to deliver evidence-based enhancements to public safety in disaster situations.