Capturing the value of coastal ecosystem services for poverty alleviation in East and Southern Africa

东非和南部非洲已经承诺通过实现生态和社会目标来管理沿海生态系统（Glavovic，2006年; Gustavson等人，2009年）。然而，更多地了解生态系统服务对穷人和减贫的重要性，将加强这些举措实现减贫和资源可持续性的能力。坦桑尼亚、莫桑比克和南非的沿海地区为当地和全国人口提供了大量服务，个体渔业对沿海社区特别重要。由于海岸是陆地与水交汇的地方，因此海岸是一个特殊而独特的系统，在这个系统中，一系列考虑因素-生物物理、经济、社会、文化和体制-相互关联，需要采取专门的综合管理办法（DEAT，2000年; Glavovic，2000年）。在非洲，沿海系统每年提供的货物和服务估计超过5 000亿美元（Glavovic，2000年）。因此，沿海生态系统服务在沿海社区减贫和促进国家经济增长方面具有巨大潜力。该项目将支持建立一个新的联合体，并根据沿海区管理方案的经验提出一项强有力的研究提案。特别是，重点关注如何获取沿海生态系统服务对东部和南部非洲减贫的价值，将为管理、治理和减贫方案带来新的想法和视角。伙伴关系和项目开发阶段将侧重于审查现有方法，以确定沿海生态系统退化的主要驱动因素，并与沿海贫穷社区合作估算主要沿海生态系统服务的经济价值。将探讨开发生物经济模型的潜力，这些模型可以分析（1）不同功能之间的权衡;（2）处理风险和不确定性的最佳策略;以及（3）沿海生态系统作为当地人口生计来源的作用。确定为穷人和扶贫提供的关键生态系统服务的方法包括选定的案例研究社区的贫困状况分析（通过生计分析提供信息）、参与性研究方法（通过这些方法确定服务并对其进行排序）、讨论随时间的变化以及与关键知情人的访谈。还将通过项目发展探讨在生态研究和经济评价中使用参与性方法的可能性，以促进新的方法学途径。体制分析将有助于查明主要体制，通过这些体制来调节对沿海资源的利用，限制或促进穷人的利用。这些分析将参考环境权利框架（Leach、Mearns和Scoones，1999年; Nunan，2006年）和互动治理（Kooiman，2005年）。该团队将通过一个基于网络的平台，如Ning进行交流，以实现文件，文本草案和想法的有效共享，并鼓励团队成员实现跨学科共享，使研究项目完全整合，而不是一套单独的学科项目。该团队将在马普托和达累斯萨拉姆举行为期一周的会议，将文件草案整合为明确的研究提案，与潜在的研究用户会面，将他们的观点纳入研究设计，并确定南方合作伙伴的明确能力建设需求和战略。

Commitment to the management of coastal ecosystems through addressing both ecological and social objectives already exists in East and Southern Africa (Glavovic 2006; Gustavson et al. 2009). More understanding, however, of the ecosystem services of priority to the poor and to poverty alleviation would strengthen the capacity of these initiatives to deliver on poverty alleviation and resource sustainability. The coastal regions of Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa provide substantial services to the local and national populations, with artisanal fisheries being of particular importance to coastal communities. Due to the fact that this is the place where land meets water, the coast is a special and distinctive system where a range of considerations - biophysical, economic, social, cultural and institutional - interconnect in a manner that calls for a dedicated and integrated management approach (DEAT, 2000; Glavovic, 2000). In Africa, coastal systems are estimated to provide goods and services in excess of US$500 billion annually (Glavovic, 2000). Coastal ecosystem services have therefore great potential for poverty alleviation for coastal communities and for contributing to national economic growth. This project will support the development of a new consortium and a strong research proposal that builds on the experience of coastal zone management programmes. In particular, the focus on how to capture the value of coastal ecosystem services for poverty alleviation in East and Southern Africa will bring new ideas and perspectives to management, governance and poverty alleviation programmes. The Partnership and Project Development phase will focus on reviewing existing methodologies for identifying key drivers of degradation of coastal ecosystems and for estimating the economic value of key coastal ecosystem services in collaboration with poor coastal communities. The potential for the development of bioeconomic models will be explored that can analyze (1) tradeoffs between different functions; (2) optimal strategies to deal with risk and uncertainty; and (3) the role of coastal ecosystems as sources of livelihoods for the local population. Methods to enable the identification of key ecosystem services for the poor and for poverty alleviation to be considered include poverty profiling of selected case study communities (informed by livelihoods analysis), participatory research methods through which services will be identified and ranked, and changes over time discussed, and key informant interviews. Potential use of participatory methods in both ecological research and economic valuation will also be explored through the project development to contribute to new methodological approaches. Institutional analyses will enable identification of key institutions through which access is mediated to coastal resources and which constrain or enable access by the poor. Such analyses will be informed by environmental entitlements framework (Leach, Mearns and Scoones 1999; Nunan 2006) and interactive governance (Kooiman 2005). The team will communicate via a web-based platform, such as Ning, to enable the efficient sharing of documents, draft text and ideas, and team members will be encouraged to enable inter-disciplinary sharing so that the research project is fully integrated rather than a set of individual, disciplinary projects. The team will meet for one week in Maputo and Dar es Salaam to bring the draft documents together into a clear research proposal, meet with potential research users to incorporate their views into the research design and identify clear capacity building needs and strategies of Southern partners.