ANGER AND AGGRESSION--EFFECTS OF GENDER AND CONTEXT

描述(改编自申请人的摘要)：本报告的主要目标 研究是用观察的方法来探索 儿童期中期和早期同伴交往中的愤怒表达 在这方面，儿童基金会将继续关注青春期问题，并仔细审查性别和社会背景的作用。 不适当地表达愤怒的儿童面临着各种 心理障碍，包括内在性和外在性(Parker& Asher，1987)。然而，早先对侵略行为的调查主要集中在 在男孩中更常见的行为形式和社会内容 男孩的行为更容易突出(Fry&Gabriel，1994；Crick& Grotpeter，1995)。因此，这些构造并不令人惊讶 比起女孩，男孩可以更好地预测未来的结果。 关于女孩和男孩的广泛方式的观察性研究 在各种环境中表达愤怒可能会对心理学家有所帮助 更好地理解长期的社会调整并设计干预措施 为所有行为咄咄逼人或有困难的儿童提供的计划 恰到好处的自信。 在目前正在进行的一项调查中，儿童参与者与 在电脑游戏的背景下的同性演员，游戏是 被编程让受过训练的演员获得优势 在获胜的同时发表挑衅的言论。这些研究将更早地延续这一点 对愤怒表达的几种重要方式的观察性研究。vbl.使用 上面描述的方法，研究一将考察愤怒情绪在 跨性别配对。研究二将采用一项实验室任务，a) 与竞争激烈的电脑相比，更符合女孩的社会关切 游戏，以及b)试点研究表明，演员会产生更微妙的形式， 她被训练成通过唤起人们对自己的关注来挑衅， 令人讨厌的评论，并扰乱了比赛。因为这看起来很重要 判断更微妙的愤怒表达形式是否在两种情况下都很明显 男孩和女孩的互动，研究二的设计将包括男性 和女性对最好的朋友，和挑衅相同和 异性同伴。对于研究三，将观察一项实验室任务。 根据早期实验室研究的结果，研究四将 发展对愤怒和愤怒形式的自然主义观察方法 在各种环境中，女孩和男孩之间常见的攻击性 在那里，女孩和男孩的行为可能很明显。

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The primary goal of this research is to employ observational methods to explore the development of anger expression in peer interactions during middle childhood and early adolescence, and to examine carefully the role of gender and social context. Children who express anger inappropriately are at risk of a variety of psychological disorders, both internalizing and externalizing (Parker & Asher, 1987). However, earlier investigations of aggression have focused on forms of behavior that are more common among boys and social contents where boys behaviors are more likely to be salient (Fry & Gabriel, 1994; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). Therefore it is not surprising that these constructs serve as better predictors of later outcomes for boys than girls. Observational research on the broad range of ways that girls and boys express anger across a variety of settings would likely help psychologists better understand long-term social adjustment and devise intervention programs for all children who behave aggressively or have difficulty being appropriately assertive. In an investigation currently underway, child participants interact with a same-gender actor in the context of a computer game, where the game is programmed to give the advantage to the actor who is trained to make provoking remarks while winning. These studies will extend this earlier observational research on anger expression in several important ways. Using the method described above, study One will examine anger expression in cross-gender pairs. Study Two will employ a laboratory task that a) seems more consonant with the social concerns of girls than a competitive computer game, and b) pilot research shows elicits more subtle forms with an actor, who has been trained to be provoking by calling attention to herself, making obnoxious comments, and disrupting the game. Because it seems important to determine whether more subtle forms of anger expression are evident in both boys and girls interactions, the design of Study Two will include both male and female pairs of best friends, and provocation by a same and opposite-gender peer. For Study Three, a laboratory task will be observed. Based on findings from the earlier laboratory studies, Study Four will develop methods for naturalistic observation of forms of anger and aggression that are common among girls and boys, in a variety of settings where girls and boys behaviors may be evident.