Social Aggression: Growth and Outcomes

描述（由申请人提供）：在青春期参与社会攻击并成为其受害者，会导致出现精神病理学和反社会行为的风险。了解社会攻击的发展和后果可能会澄清性别在新兴精神障碍中的作用，因为女孩参与的社会攻击多于身体攻击，社会攻击可能会导致女孩和妇女的基础发病率较高的疾病（抑郁症，饮食失调和边缘性人格特征，Crick等人，1999，Crick和Zahn-Waxler，2003）。社会攻击通过破坏友谊或社会地位来伤害同龄人，包括社会排斥（言语或非言语）、恶意八卦和友谊操纵等行为（凯恩斯、凯恩斯、Neckerman、Gest和Gariepy，1989年; Galen和安德伍德，1997年;安德伍德，2003年）。这项调查研究了青少年后期社会和身体攻击的发展，以探索参与和成为社会和身体攻击的受害者的成长，变化和后遗症，在这个年龄范围内，社会攻击很少被研究（14 - 18）。这个竞争性的延续申请建议遵循在以前的项目中从9岁开始研究的相同样本（“社会攻击：前兆和结果”，2 R 01 MH 063076 -06）。为了最全面地了解社会攻击，本研究将包括参与和被社会攻击的措施。本研究将采用基于变量和基于个人的分析，以检查社会攻击是否可能是典型的青少年行为在低水平，但有助于那些谁犯下社会攻击与高频率和慢性受害者的精神病理学。这一阶段的纵向研究的一个重要创新将是通过为青少年提供手持设备并记录和编码他们的短信，即时消息和电子邮件通信的内容来仔细评估在线通信中的社会攻击。分析青少年实际上是如何在网上交流的，将阐明他们在这种情况下是如何使用社会攻击性的，但也将提供“一扇通往青少年同龄人文化秘密世界的窗户”（格林菲尔德和严，2006年，第392页）。有了这里包含的多种调整措施，拟议的研究可以仔细研究青少年在线交流的频率和内容与他们的幸福感之间的关系。这项调查将使用多种方法来衡量社会攻击性（在线通讯和短信编码、通过电话采访的自我报告、朋友报告、家长报告以及老师和活动负责人报告）来检查总样本的社交和身体攻击平均水平的增长和变化，以及研究个体是否遵循不同类型的轨迹参与和成为社会攻击的受害者。本研究将探讨青少年后期社会攻击性的增长和变化与精神病理学和反社会行为的出现之间的关系。公共卫生相关性：这项研究将指导预防和干预工作，确定具体因素相关的增长和变化的社会侵略，并澄清是否社会侵略可能是规范的青少年行为在低水平的频率和强度，但仍然预测那些经常犯下社会侵略或谁是慢性受害者的精神病理学。本研究将探讨社会攻击作为青少年精神病理学的发展前兆，其长期目标是确定干预以防止或减少社会攻击是否有助于预防外化问题，内化症状，人格障碍和饮食失调。这项研究也将是第一个大规模的纵向调查，以检查青少年的在线通信的实际内容，以及他们在多大程度上参与社会攻击，以及与同龄人，父母，浪漫的合作伙伴，甚至陌生人的其他形式的通信;因此，这些结果可以指导有关青少年使用电子工具和在线通信的政策决策。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Engaging in and being victimized by social aggression during adolescence confers risk for emerging psychopathology and antisocial behavior. Understanding the development and consequences of social aggression may clarify the role of gender in emerging mental disorders, because girls engage in more social than physical aggression and social aggression might contribute to disorders for which girls and women have higher base rates (depression, eating disorders, and borderline personality features, Crick et al., 1999, Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003). Social aggression harms peers by damaging friendships or social status, and includes behaviors such as social exclusion (verbal or non-verbal), malicious gossip, and friendship manipulation (Cairns, Cairns, Neckerman, Gest, & Gariepy, 1989; Galen & Underwood, 1997; Underwood, 2003). This investigation examines the development of social and physical aggression through late adolescence, to explore the growth, change, and sequelae of engaging in and being the victim of social and physical aggression for an age range in which social aggression has rarely been studied (14 - 18). This competing continuation application proposes to follow the same sample that has been studied since age 9 in the previous project ("Social Aggression: Precursors and Outcomes", 2 R01 MH063076-06). For the most complete understanding of social aggression, this research will include measures of engaging in and being victimized by social aggression. This research will employ both variable-based and person-based analyses, to examine whether social aggression might be typical adolescent behavior at low levels, but contribute to psychopathology for those who perpetrate social aggression with high frequency and for chronic victims. An important innovation of this phase of the longitudinal study will be careful assessment of social aggression in online communication by providing adolescents with handheld devices and recording and coding the content of their text messaging, Instant Messaging, and email communication. Analyzing how adolescents actually communicate online will illuminate how they use social aggression in this context, but will also provide "a window into the secret world of adolescent peer culture" (Greenfield & Yan, 2006, p. 392). With the multiple measures of adjustment included here, the proposed research can examine carefully how the frequency and content of adolescents' online communication relates to their well-being. This investigation will use multiple methods to measure social aggression (coding of online communication and text messaging, self-reports via telephone interviews, friend reports, parent reports, and teacher and activity leader reports) to examine growth and change in mean levels of social and physical aggression for the total sample, as well as to examine whether individuals follow different types of trajectories for engaging and being the victim of social aggression. This research will examine how growth and change in social aggression relate to the emergence of psychopathology and antisocial behavior in late adolescence. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This research will guide prevention and intervention efforts by identifying specific factors related to growth and change in social aggression, and by clarifying whether social aggression might be normative adolescent behavior at low levels of frequency and intensity, but still predictive of psychopathology for those who frequently perpetrate social aggression or who are chronic victims. This study will explore social aggression as a developmental precursor of adolescent psychopathology, with the long-term goal of determining whether intervening to prevent or reduce social aggression might be helpful in preventing externalizing problems, internalizing symptoms, personality disorders, and eating disorders. This study will also be the first large-scale, longitudinal investigation to examine the actual content of adolescents' online communication and the extent to which they engage in social aggression as well as other forms of communication with peers, parents, romantic partners, and even strangers; thus, these results could guide policy decisions about adolescents' access to electronic tools and online communication.