Marine Heat Waves - Global Patterns of Impacts and Risks

近几十年来，全球海洋显著变暖，导致物种分布发生变化，海洋群落和生态系统的结构和功能发生变化。在这种逐渐变暖的趋势上叠加着离散的极端气候事件，在这些事件中，海水温度可能会在几周到几个月的时间里显著高于正常水平。因此，最近记录的一些最高海水温度是在当代变暖事件期间观察到的，这可能会推动生物多样性的分布和整个生态系统结构的逐步变化。总体而言，由于人为气候变化，离散的极端气候事件的频率和强度都在增加，因此了解和预测对“事件”而不是“趋势”的生物反应变得越来越重要。在陆地领域，风暴、干旱、洪水和热浪可能对生态系统造成灾难性影响，具有重大的社会经济影响，但与之相比，对极端气候事件如何影响海洋生态系统的知识相形见绌。该项目将汇集一个国际科学家小组，以整理关于海洋热浪的物理特性及其生物影响的证据。该小组将分析现有的海洋温带记录，以审查短期极端变暖事件的频率和幅度的趋势，并使用复杂的海洋气候模拟方法来预测未来海洋热浪的频率。然后，研究小组将综合有关海洋热浪如何影响海洋中生命分布的信息，并预测受未来变暖事件影响的海洋生态系统的结构。该项目将极大地促进我们对热浪可能如何影响海洋生物多样性模式以及海洋生态系统提供的生态产品和服务的可持续性的理解。

The global ocean has warmed significantly in recent decades, causing shifts in species' distributions and alterations to the structure and functioning of marine communities and ecosystems. Superimposed onto this gradual warming trend are discrete extreme climatic events, where seawater temperatures may be considerably higher than normal for periods of weeks to months. As such, some of the highest seawater temperatures on recent record have been observed during contemporary warming events, which can drive step-wise changes in the distribution of biodiversity and the structure of entire ecosystems. In general, discrete extreme climatic events are increasing in frequency and intensity as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change, so that understanding and predicting biological responses to 'events', rather than 'trends', is becoming increasingly important. In the terrestrial realm storms, droughts, floods and heat waves can have catastrophic effects on ecosystems, with significant socio-economic ramifications, but knowledge of how extreme climatic events shape marine ecosystems pales in comparison.This project will bring together an international team of scientists to collate evidence on the physical properties of marine heat waves and their biological impacts. The team will analyse existing sea temperate records to examine trends in the frequency and magnitude of short-term extreme warming events and use sophisticated ocean climate modelling approaches to predict the frequency of marine heat waves in the future. The team will then synthesise information on how marine heat waves affect the distribution of life in the sea, and make predictions of the structure of marine ecosystems impacted by future warming events. The project will significantly advance our understanding of how heat waves may affect marine biodiversity patterns and the sustainability of ecological goods and services provided by marine ecosystems.