Internal Solitary Waves in Ice-Covered Waters

：内孤立波（ISWs）在稳定分层流体中沿密度界面传播。它们在海洋中无处不在，它们的性质受到它们在其中传播的含海盆地上下边界面的性质和形式的强烈影响。随着北冰洋逐渐演变为季节性无冰状态，ISW场将受到这种变化的影响。ISW动力学和冰之间的关系对于理解(i)北冰洋的环流和热力学，（ii）从深处向上层提供热量和养分的局部混合过程，（iii）潮汐能如何在北冰洋消散，（iv）海冰的弯曲和(v)边缘冰带冰带的形成是很重要的。isw和海冰之间存在明显的相互作用，研究这一主题的动机广泛，但很少有专门的调查存在。海冰覆盖减少对ISW场的影响（反之亦然）还没有得到很好的证实。更好地了解北冰洋的ISW动态，特别是ISW场如何受到冰盖和分层变化的影响，对于理解快速变化的北极如何适应气候变化至关重要。在这个博士研究项目中，将通过实验室实验研究在不同表面条件下传播的isw的流体动力学。该博士生将在纽卡斯尔大学的一个新的专用波浪水槽中接受isw的生成、可视化和测量方面的培训。此外，候选人将有机会进行(i)流动的数值模拟（与圣安德鲁斯大学的D G Dritschel教授合作）和/或（ii）在北极进行实地工作（与班戈大学的Tom Rippeth教授合作）。学生将获得宝贵的实验流体动力学技能，包括流动可视化和测量，通过粒子图像测速，微电导率传感器和时间序列分析。他们也将有机会扩大他们的训练到数值分析领域（使用等高线平流和伪光谱技术）和实地工作；为他们提供广泛的技能和跨学科的培训。”

": Internal solitary waves (ISWs) propagate along density interfaces within stably- stratified fluids. They are ubiquitous in the ocean and their properties are influenced strongly by the nature and form of the upper and lower bounding surfaces of the containing basin(s) in which they propagate. As the Arctic Ocean evolves to a seasonally more ice-free state, the ISW field will be affected by the change. The relationship between ISW dynamics and ice is important in understanding(i) the general circulation and thermodynamics in the Arctic Ocean, (ii) local mixing processes that supply heat and nutrients from depth into upper layers, (iii) how tidal energy is dissipated in the Arctic Ocean, (iv) flexure of sea-ice and (v) formation of ice bands in the marginal ice zone. There is clear interplay between ISWs and sea ice and motivation to study the topic is wide ranging yet very few dedicated investigations exist. The effect of diminishing sea ice cover on the ISW field (and vice versa) is not well established. A better understanding of ISW dynamics in the Arctic Ocean and, in particular, how the ISW field is affected by changes in both ice cover and stratification, is central in understanding how the rapidly changing Arctic will adapt to climate change.In this PhD research project, the fluid dynamics of ISWs propagating under varying surface conditions will be studied through laboratory experiments. The PhD student will be trained in the generation, visualisation and measurement of ISWs in a new purpose-built wave flume at Newcastle University. In addition, there will be opportunities for the candidate to undertake (i) numerical simulation of the flow (in collaboration with Prof D G Dritschel, St Andrews University) and/or (ii) field work in the Arctic (in collaboration with Prof Tom Rippeth, Bangor University). The student will gain valuable skills in experimental fluid dynamics including flow visualisation and measurement via Particle Image Velocimetry, micro-conductivity sensors and time series analysis. They will also have the opportunity to broaden their training into areas of numerical analysis (using contour advection and pseudo spectral techniques) and field work; giving them a broad skill set and training across disciplines."