Using the Capability Approach to understand the causes of modern slavery

全球奴隶制指数(GSI)估计，2016年全球有4030万人处于现代奴隶制(GSI，2018年)。现代奴隶制被定义为一种条件，即一个人控制另一个人，并以剥削或牟利为目的利用这种控制。这种控制可以通过胁迫、欺骗、绑架或滥用权力或利用脆弱地位来获得(联合国人权事务高级专员办事处，2000年；劳工组织，2017年)。现代奴隶制、强迫劳动和人口贩运往往可以互换使用(劳工组织，2017年；席勒，2016年)。然而，后两者实际上是前者的形式(《反对奴隶制》，2017)，本提案将使用现代奴隶制一词来涵盖这三种奴隶制。人们可以有意无意地进入现代奴隶制，解决这个问题已经成为当今政策制定者的一个关键问题(Kidd&Manthorpe，2017；Siller，2016)。2017年10月发布的一份内政部报告详细介绍了英国的政策，称为他们对现代奴隶制的“回应”。在整个报告中，很大程度上侧重于剖析人贩子，援助已经经历过现代奴隶制进程的受害者，并加强法律，使企业更难使用现代奴隶(英国政府，2017年)。这项建议表明，这是全球当前政策的典型，其重点是解决现代奴隶制的症状，而很少或根本不关注根本原因。人们很少讨论是什么驱使人们一开始就进入现代奴隶制，或者是什么因素使人们一旦进入现代奴隶制就处于现代奴隶制的状态。有人认为，这是一个疏忽，它导致了当前思维的差距，以及政策是被动的而不是主动的立场。这项研究将关注印度的现代奴隶制，特别是目前在印度境内经历现代奴隶制的尼泊尔移民。它将通过使用森(1999)的能力方法(CA)作为框架来扩展我之前的研究，以增强对现代奴隶制及其原因的理解。能力方法是由经济学家阿玛蒂亚·森在20世纪80年代发展起来的，可能最引人注目的是在他1999年的著作《作为自由的发展》(Sen，1999)中提出的。简而言之，CA可以说是一种以人为本的衡量标准，将人自己放在发展的中心，让他们定义他们自己认为对实现可接受的生活水平具有价值的东西。它本质上是多维的，允许用户查看一个人生活的方方面面，以及这如何影响他们能够做出的选择。人们认为，在现代奴隶制方面，CA可以成为一个令人难以置信的有用工具。通过将其作为分析现代奴隶制的框架，当前的思维可以显著地进步，使我们能够从现代奴隶制本身的角度来看待它。这使我们能够更好地理解最初是什么驱使人们成为奴隶，然后是什么让他们留在那里。在获得这一理解的过程中，我们可以制定干预措施，更好地防止现代奴隶制的发生，而不是在它发生后对其做出反应。

The Global Slavery Index (GSI) estimated that in 2016 there were 40.3 million people in modern slavery worldwide (GSI, 2018). Modern slavery is defined as a condition where one person has control over another anduses that control for purposes of exploitation or profit. That control can be obtained through coercion, deception, abduction or through the abuse of power or taking advantage of a position of vulnerability (UNOHCR, 2000;ILO, 2017). Modern slavery, forced labour and human trafficking are often used interchangeably (ILO, 2017; Siller, 2016). However, the latter two are actually forms of the former (Anti-Slavery, 2017) and this proposalwill use the term modern slavery to encompass all three. People can enter modern slavery either knowingly or unknowingly, and tackling the problem has become a crucial issue for policy makers today (Kidd & Manthorpe,2017; Siller, 2016). A Home-Office report released in October 2017 details United Kingdom (UK) policy, termed as their 'response' to modern slavery. Throughout the report there is much focus on prosecutingtraffickers, assisting victims who have already been through the process of modern slavery and strengthening laws to make it more difficult for businesses to engage in the use of modern slaves (HM Government, 2017).This proposal suggests that this is typical of much of current policy globally, which is focussed on addressing the symptoms of modern slavery with little or no attention given to the root causes. There is little discussion ofwhat it is that drives people to enter modern slavery in the first instance, or the factors that serve to keep people in a condition of modern slavery once they have entered it. It is argued that this is an omission, that it has led toa gap in current thinking and a position where policy is reactive rather than proactive. This research will focus on modern slavery in India, with a particular focus on Nepalese migrants currently experiencing modern slaverywithin India's borders. It will expand on my previous research by using Sen's (1999) Capability Approach (CA) as a framework to enhance the understanding of modern slavery and its causes.The CA was developed by economist Amartya Sen during the 1980s, and was perhaps most notably advanced in his 1999 book Development as Freedom (Sen, 1999). Simply put, the CA can be said to be a people centredmeasure, placing people themselves at the centre of development allowing them to define what they themselves view as having value in achieving an acceptable standard of living. It is multi-dimensional in nature, allowing usto look at all aspects of a person's life and how that impacts the choices they are able to make. It is felt that where modern slavery is concerned, the CA can be an incredibly useful tool. By using it as a framework toanalyse modern slavery, current thinking can be significantly advanced in a way that allows us to look at it from the perspective of the modern slave themselves. This can enable us to better understand what it is that drivespeople into slavery in the first instance, and then what it is that serves to keep them there. In gaining this understanding, we can develop interventions that better serve to prevent modern slavery occurring, rather thanreacting to it after it has occurred.