The impact of state and federal government development policy on the contribution of nature to the wellbeing of Indigenous people in the Brazilian Ama

虽然我的兴趣广泛地跨越了拉丁美洲的政治生态，但巴西发生的政治变化开辟了许多研究机会。简而言之，该项目将评估州和联邦政府、经济和农业发展以及政策改革对土著地区生态系统服务的影响。我建议博士项目将：(I)建立在IPBES的概念框架上，对一个或多个巴西亚马逊土著地区进行社会导向的环境评估；（ii）评估州和联邦政府、政策改革和发展项目对自然对土著人民贡献的影响或潜在影响。因此，我提出以下研究目标：8 / 111。批判性地评估土著人民对自然的价值是如何传达给决策者的（并由决策者采取行动的）。使用参与式方法，评估州和联邦政府以及私人主导的发展和政策改革如何影响土著领土的生态系统服务。评估生态系统服务对土著居民生计的影响。背景和理由：巴西亚马逊是世界上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一，它维系着数百个土著部落的生计。土著社区依靠森林获得食物、薪材、药品、参与经济活动和提供材料来制造日常生活中使用的物品（Posey 1985）。巴西新政府承诺，亚马逊地区的保护区（包括原住民领地）将向经济发展和农业扩张开放（Escobar 2018），我们可以预见，许多农村、原住民和其他小农社区将受到严重影响。虽然我知道，目前巴西政府的变化所产生的影响在很大程度上仍然不清楚，但预计会发生巨大的社会和生态变化。例如，管理土著领土的责任已经从FUNAI（巴西国家印第安人基金会）移除了，而是交给了农业部；他们长期支持农业扩张和大规模开发项目（Fearnside 2015; Schmink et al. 2017）。巴西新政府通过促进农业综合企业、大型基础设施和采矿等，强调了亚马逊地区的经济和大规模发展。然而，这个发展议程并没有考虑到土著居民和他们的环境，因为他们的观点没有得到考虑，他们的合法权利也一直被忽视。政府和私人资助的大型开发项目长期以来一直影响着土著地区，特别是森林地区，使历史文化和生物多样性面临风险（Ramirez-Gomez et al. 2016）。该项目将侧重于土著地区的生态系统服务。然而，在本研究中，生态系统服务将被称为自然对人类的贡献（NCP），以突出从服务的概念向贡献的转变（Diaz et al 2015, 2018）。新冠肺炎不仅可以促进人类生产和消费，还可以为社区带来健康、文化和精神利益。这方面的研究通常是在保护区、森林和农村地区进行的。例如，Ramirez-Gomez等人（2016）主张将NCP研究整合到保护工作和规划中。

Whilst my interests span broadly across the political ecologyof Latin America, the political changes taking place in Brazilopen up many research opportunities. In short, this projectwill evaluate the impacts of state and federal government,economic and agricultural developments, and policy reformon ecosystem services in Indigenous territories. I propose aPhD project that will, (i) build on IPBES' conceptual frameworkto conduct a socially-orientated environmental valuation ofone or more of Brazil's Amazonian Indigenous territories; (ii)assess the impact or potential impact of state and federalgovernment, policy reform, and development projects onnature's contribution to Indigenous peoples.So, I pose the following research aims:8 / 111. To critically assess how the ways that Indigenous peoplesvalue nature is communicated to (and acted on by) decisionmakers.2. Using participatory methods, evaluate how ecosystemservices in Indigenous territories have been impacted byState and federal Government and private-led developmentsand policy reforms.3. Assess the effects ecosystem services impacts have hadon Indigenous livelihoods.Context and Justification:The Brazilian Amazon is one of the most biodiverse places inthe world, and it sustains the livelihoods of hundreds ofIndigenous tribes. Indigenous communities depend upon theforest for food, fuelwood, curating medicines, taking part ineconomic activities, and providing materials to make objectsfor use in everyday life (Posey 1985). With the promise fromthe new Brazilian Government that protected areas(including Indigenous territories) in the Amazon will beopened up to economic development and agriculturalexpansion (Escobar 2018), we can anticipate that manyrural, indigenous, and other smallholder communities will beseverely impacted. Whilst I am aware that, at present, theimpacts arising from the change of Brazilian Governmentremain for the most part unclear, huge social and ecologicalchanges are anticipated. For instance, the responsibility ofthe management of Indigenous territories has already beenremoved from FUNAI (Brazil's National Indian Foundation),and instead given to the Ministry of Agriculture; who havelong supported agricultural expansion and large-scaledevelopment projects (Fearnside 2015; Schmink et al. 2017).The new Brazilian Government has emphasised economicand large-scale developments in the Amazon by promotingagribusiness, large infrastructure, and mining, for example.This development agenda, however, does not account forIndigenous inhabitants and their environments in that theirviews are not accounted for and their legal rights arecontinually ignored. Government and privately-funded largescale development projects have long impacted Indigenousareas, particularly in forests, putting historic cultures andbiodiversity at risk (Ramirez-Gomez et al. 2016).This project will focus on ecosystem services in IndiIndigenousterritories. Ecosystem services in this study, however, will bereferred to as nature's contributions to people (NCP) tohighlight the shift away from the idea of services, tocontribution (Diaz et al 2015, 2018). NCP can contribute tohuman production and consumption, and also providecommunities with health, cultural, and spiritual benefits.Research in this area has often been conducted in protected,forested, and rural areas. Ramirez-Gomez et al. (2016), forinstance, argue for the integration of research on NCP intoconservation efforts and planning.